International Relations TENTH EDITION 2013–2014 UPDATE Joshua S. Goldstein American University, Washington, D.C. University of Massachusetts, Amherst Jon C. Pevehouse University of Wisconsin, Madison Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo FOR OUR CHILDREN—SOLOMON AND RUTH; CLAIRE, AVA, AND CARL Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Art Director/Cover: Jayne Conte Acquisitions Editor: Charlyce Owen-Jones Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Cover Photos: Clockwise from top left: Syrian rebel Executive Marketing Manager: Wendy Gordon with son, 2012, © Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Senior Digital Media Editor: Paul DeLuca Images. Demonstration at European Central Bank, Digital Media Editor: Alison Lorber 2011, Arne Dedert/dpa/Corbis. Refugees from Media Project Manager: Joseph Sleby Kyrgzstan receive help from UNICEF, 2010, Hrc/ Senior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthy Wenn Photos/Newscom, UN Secretary-General Project Manager: Carol O’Rourke Ban Ki Moon with PSY, 2012, Hrc/Wenn Photos/ Full Service Project Management and Composition: Newscom. Aptara®, Inc. Procurement Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Full Service Project Manager: Denise Showers Printer & Binder: Courier/Kendallville Aptara®, Inc. Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagarstown For permission to use copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the copyright holders on p. 517, which are hereby made part of this copyright page. Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 by Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942293 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.  To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-97136-7 ISBN-10: 0-205-97136-9 Brief Contents CHAPTER 1 The Globalization of International Relations 2 CHAPTER 2 Realist Theories 42 CHAPTER 3 Liberal and Social Theories 84 CHAPTER 4 Foreign Policy 126 CHAPTER 5 International Confl ict 152 CHAPTER 6 Military Force and Terrorism 192 CHAPTER 7 International Organization, Law, and Human Rights 232 CHAPTER 8 International Trade 282 CHAPTER 9 Global Finance and Business 320 CHAPTER 10 International Integration 354 CHAPTER 11 Environment and Population 386 CHAPTER 12 The North-South Gap 424 CHAPTER 13 International Development 460 CHAPTER 14 Postscript 498 iii Contents Preface ix Defi ning Power 45 To the Student x v Estimating Power 47 Elements of Power 47 A Note on Nomenclature xvi Careers in International Relations xvii The International System 49 Maps xxi Anarchy and Sovereignty 49 Balance of Power 52 Great Powers and Middle Powers 54 CHAPTER 1 Power Distribution 56 The Globalization of Hegemony 5 7 International Relations 2 The Great Power System, 1500–2000 61 Globalization, International Alliances 63 Relations, and Daily Life 3 Purposes of Alliances 63 Core Principles 4 NATO 65 IR as a Field of Study 10 Other Alliances 67 Regional Alignments 70 Actors and Influences 12 State Actors 13 Strategy 71 Nonstate Actors 15 Statecraft 73 Levels of Analysis 17 Rationality in International Globalization 19 Relations 75 The Prisoner’s Dilemma 76 Global Geography 21 ■ Policy Perspectives Prime Minister of The Evolving International India, Manhoman Singh 72 System 26 ■ Seeking the Collective Good NATO The Two World Wars, 1900–1950 26 in Afghanistan 68 The Cold War, 1945–1990 2 9 The Post–Cold War Era, 1990–2012 33 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Can the United States and China Peacefully ■ Policy Perspectives Overview 11 Coexist? 82 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Introduction 8 CHAPTER 3 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Globalization: Liberal and Social Vanishing State Power? 40 Theories 84 The Waning of War 85 CHAPTER 2 Liberal Theories 86 Realist Theories 42 Kant and Peace 86 Realism 43 Liberal Institutionalism 87 Power 45 International Regimes 90 Note: Each chapter ends with a summary, key terms, and critical thinking questions. iv Collective Security 92 CHAPTER 5 The Democratic Peace 9 4 International Confl ict 152 Social Theories 96 The Wars of the World 153 Identities and Ideas Matter 97 Types of War 153 Postmodernism 102 Theories of the Causes of War 157 Marxism 103 Confl icts of Ideas 160 Peace Studies 106 Nationalism 160 Ethnic Confl ict 1 62 Gender Theories 110 Genocide 166 Why Gender Matters 110 Religious Confl ict 168 The Masculinity of Realism 112 Ideological Confl ict 176 Gender in War and Peace 114 Confl icts of Interest 177 Women in IR 116 Territorial Disputes 177 Difference Feminism versus Liberal Control of Governments 184 Feminism? 119 Economic Confl ict 185 Postmodern Feminism 1 20 ■ Policy Perspectives President of ■ Policy Perspectives President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf 165 Ukraine, Victor Yanukovych 100 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Peace ■ Seeking the Collective Good Great in Latin America 178 Nations Pay Their Bills 92 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue The United ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Legislative States and Russia: A New Cold Quotas for Women: An Effective Tool War? 190 for Equality? 124 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 4 Military Force and Foreign Policy 126 Terrorism 192 Making Foreign Policy 127 Conventional Forces 193 Models of Decision Making 127 Individual Decision Makers 129 Land Forces: Controlling Territory 1 94 Group Psychology 132 Naval Forces: Controlling the Seas 197 Crisis Management 134 Air Forces: Controlling the Skies 198 Coordinating Forces: Logistics and Domestic Infl uences 136 Intelligence 200 Bureaucracies 136 Evolving Technologies 201 Interest Groups 138 Terrorism 204 The Military-Industrial Complex 139 Public Opinion 141 Weapons of Mass Legislatures 145 Destruction 209 Making Foreign Policy 146 Nuclear Weapons 209 ■ Policy Perspectives Prime Minister of Ballistic Missiles and Other Delivery Japan, Shinzo Abe 143 Systems 211 Chemical and Biological Weapons 214 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Israeli- Palestinian Peace Talks 140 Proliferation 216 Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control 219 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Should Legislatures Play a Role in Deciding States and Militaries 222 Whether to Use Military Force? 150 Military Economics 222 v Control of Military Forces 224 CHAPTER 8 Civil-Military Relations 225 International Trade 282 ■ Policy Perspectives President of the Theories of Trade 283 United States, Barack Obama 202 Liberalism and Mercantilism 283 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Arms Comparative Advantage 288 Control 218 Political Interference in Markets 289 Protectionism 2 91 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Negotiations with North Korea: Progress Toward Trade Regimes 294 Disarmament or Fool’s Errand? 230 The World Trade Organization 294 Bilateral and Regional Agreements 298 CHAPTER 7 Cartels 302 International Organization, Industries and Interest Groups 304 Enforcement of Trade Rules 307 Law, and Human Rights 232 Economic Globalization 309 Roles of International The Evolving World Economy 309 Organizations 233 Resistance to Trade 313 The United Nations 236 ■ Policy Perspectives President of The UN System 236 Brazil, Dilma Rousseff 301 The Security Council 242 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Freer Peacekeeping Forces 245 Trade 298 The Secretariat 249 The General Assembly 250 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Are Free UN Programs 252 Trade Agreements Good for the Global Economy? 318 Autonomous Agencies 253 International Law 254 CHAPTER 9 Sources of International Law 254 Global Finance and Enforcement of International Law 255 The World Court 2 56 Business 320 International Cases in National Globalization and Finance 321 Courts 259 The Currency System 322 Law and Sovereignty 261 About Money 322 Laws of Diplomacy 261 International Currency Exchange 322 Just War Doctrine 263 Why Currencies Rise or Fall 327 Human Rights 264 Central Banks 330 Individual Rights versus Sovereignty 2 65 The World Bank and the IMF 331 Human Rights Institutions 266 State Financial Positions 333 War Crimes 270 National Accounts 333 The Evolution of World Order 276 International Debt 334 ■ Policy Perspectives International The Position of the United Criminal Court Chief Prosecutor, Fatou States 336 Bensouda 275 The Position of Russia and Eastern ■ Seeking the Collective Europe 338 Good Responsibility to Protect 270 The Position of Asia 3 39 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Human Multinational Business 341 Rights: A Hollow Promise to the Multinational Corporations 341 World? 280 Foreign Direct Investment 343 vi Host and Home Government Managing the Environment 390 Relations 345 The Atmosphere 390 Biodiversity 3 96 ■ Policy Perspectives President of China, Xi Jinping 329 Forests and Oceans 397 Pollution 400 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Currency Stability 326 Natural Resources 403 World Energy 4 04 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Foreign Direct Minerals 407 Investment: Engine of Growth or Tool of Exploitation? 352 Water Disputes 408 Population 409 CHAPTER 10 The Demographic Transition 410 International Integration 354 Population Policies 4 12 Disease 413 Globalization and Integration 355 ■ Policy Perspectives Prime Minister of Integration Theory 355 Ireland, Enda Kenny 398 The European Union 358 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Global The Vision of a United Europe 358 Warming 394 The Treaty of Rome 359 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Stopping Structure of the European Union 360 Global Warming: Who Should The Single European Act 362 Pay? 422 The Maastricht Treaty 2 63 Monetary Union 364 Expanding the European Union 367 CHAPTER 12 The Lisbon Treaty 369 The North-South Gap 424 The Power of Information 370 The State of the South 425 Connecting the World 370 Basic Human Needs 426 Information as a Tool of Governments 376 World Hunger 431 Information as a Tool against Rural and Urban Populations 432 Governments 377 Women in Development 433 Telecommunications and Global Migration and Refugees 434 Culture 379 Theories of Accumulation 440 ■ Policy Perspectives Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel 372 Economic Accumulation 440 The World-System 441 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Bailing Out Greece 366 Imperialism 443 World Civilizations 443 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Has European History of Imperialism, Integration Gone as Far as Possible? 384 1500–2000 446 Effects of Colonialism 449 Postcolonial Dependency 451 CHAPTER 11 Revolutionary Movements 454 Environment and ■ Policy Perspectives President Population 386 of Botswana, Seretse Khama Ian Interdependence and the Khama 437 Environment 387 ■ Seeking the Collective Good The Sustainable Development 389 Refugee Regime 438 vii ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Immigration The South in International Economic Reform: Should Illegal Immigrants in Regimes 481 the United States Have a Path to Foreign Assistance 484 Citizenship? 458 Patterns of Foreign Assistance 484 Types of Foreign Assistance 486 CHAPTER 13 The Politics of Foreign Assistance 4 89 International The Impact of Foreign Assistance 4 92 Development 460 ■ Policy Perspectives Prime Minister of Experiences 461 Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan 483 The Newly Industrializing Countries 461 ■ Seeking the Collective Good Trick or The Chinese Experience 464 Treat for UNICEF 490 India Takes Off 467 ■ Let’s Debate the Issue Foreign Aid: Other Experiments 469 A Solution to Development or a Source Lessons 472 of Problems? 496 Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 472 CHAPTER 14 Concentrating Capital for Postscript 498 Manufacturing 473 Corruption 475 North-South Capital Flows 476 Glossary 501 Foreign Investment 476 Photo Credits 5 17 North-South Debt 478 Name Index 518 IMF Conditionality 480 Subject Index 5 29 viii Preface We live in an increasingly interconnected world. These connections bring great benefi ts to our everyday lives: the ability to communicate instantaneously around the world and share our cultures and beliefs, the possibility of directly helping a person affected by an earthquake through a global network of charities, the ability to purchase a product made from parts manufactured in a dozen different countries each using its specialized knowl- edge to create a better product—these are some of the potential benefi ts of the intercon- nected world. Yet, these connections may also worsen existing problems: terrorist networks use telecommunications to carry out attacks; global commerce can put undue strain on our natural environment; and millions of people still live with few global connections that are enjoyed by citizens of wealthier countries. Despite these increasing connections and their implications for everyday life, many students begin college misinformed about basic facts of international relations (IR) such as the extent of poverty and levels of foreign assistance given to the developing world and the trend toward fewer wars over the past two decades. An introductory textbook plays a key role in students’ education about international affairs, and we have worked hard to make this one timely, accurate, visually appealing, and intellectually engaging. We hope this textbook can help a generation develop knowledge and critical thinking in order to fi nd its voice and place in the changing world order. IR is not only an important topic but also a fascinating one. The rich complexity of international relationships—political, economic, and cultural—provides a puzzle to try to understand. The puzzle is not only an intellectual challenge but also emotionally power- ful. It contains human-scale stories in which the subject’s grand themes—war and peace, intergroup confl ict and community, integration and division, humans and their environ- ment, poverty and development—play out. New to the Tenth Edition 2013–2014 Update The tenth edition 2012–2013 update includes important revisions throughout to keep the book current in a time of historic changes in the international system. New developments such as the Syrian civil war and the new European recession are featured in text and photos throughout the book. In international security affairs, this edition gives particular attention to the rapidly changing face of war across the world. The Syrian civil war grinds on, with more than 70,000 lives lost as of early 2013; the Israeli-Palestinian confl ict has heated up, while violence in the Democratic Congo has reignited; Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs hurtle toward a showdown with Western powers; and island disputes threaten to trigger violence in both the East China Sea and the South China Sea. At the same time, the NATO campaign in Afghanistan is winding down; France has routed Islamists from northern Mali, as has the African Union in most of Somalia; and the U.S. defense budget has begun a sharp decline. The spread of democracy continues, with elections (of an Islamist president) in Egypt and civilian rule in Burma. Cyberwarfare, such as the Flame virus and expanding drone attacks, also contributes to the changing international security picture covered in this edition. In international political economy, as some countries climbed back from the financial upheaval of 2008, the European Union fell into a second recession after debt crises in ix