Lifelong Learning Book Series 22 Brian Findsen Marvin Formosa E ditors International Perspectives on Older Adult Education Research, Policies and Practice Lifelong Learning Book Series Volume 22 Series Editors David N. Aspin , F aculty of Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Judith D. Chapman , C entre for Lifelong Learning, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia Editorial Board William L. Boyd, Department of Education Policy Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Karen Evans, Institute of Education, University of London, UK Malcolm Skilbeck, Drysdale, Victoria, Australia Yukiko Sawano, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, Japan Kaoru Okamoto, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Denis W. Ralph, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Aims & Scope “Lifelong Learning” has become a central theme in education and community development. Both international and national agencies, governments and educa- tional institutions have adopted the idea of lifelong learning as a major theme in the coming years. They realize that it is only by getting people committed to the idea of education both life-wide and lifelong that the goals of economic advancement, social emancipation and personal growth will be attained. The L ifelong Learning Book Series aims to keep scholars and professionals informed about and abreast of current developments and to advance research and scholarship in the domain of Lifelong Learning. It further aims to provide learning and teaching materials, serve as a forum for scholarly and professional debate and offer a rich fund of resources for researchers, policy-makers, scholars, professionals and practitioners in the fi eld. The volumes in this international Series are multi-disciplinary in orientation, polymathic in origin, range and reach, and variegated in range and complexity. They are written by researchers, professionals and practitioners working widely across the international arena in lifelong learning and are orientated towards policy improvement and educational betterment throughout the life cycle. More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/6227 Brian Findsen (cid:129) Marvin Formosa Editors International Perspectives on Older Adult Education Research, Policies and Practice Editors Brian Findsen Marvin Formosa Te Whiringa School of Educational Department of Gerontology Leadership & Policy Faculty for Social Wellbeing Faculty of Education University of Malta University of Waikato Msida , Malta Hamilton , New Zealand Lifelong Learning Book Series ISBN 978-3-319-24937-7 ISBN 978-3-319-24939-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24939-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960272 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Foreword Lifelong Learning Includes Older People! F or the past 4 years, there have been intense debates about what international com- munity should identify as global development priorities, following the Millennium Development Goals and Education For All (EFA). There is widespread agreement that ‘no one should be left behind’ and that poverty should be eradicated. There is, too, a consensus that the global education goal post 2015 should include a commit- ment to lifelong learning – though there are signifi cant differences between the Global EFA Meeting’s commitment to ‘ensuring equitable and inclusive quality lifelong learning for all by 2030’, whilst the Open Working Group of UN member states called only for the promotion of ‘lifelong learning opportunities for all’. At fi rst sight this should augur well for the world’s rapidly growing numbers of older people, but as chapter after chapter in this welcome international review of provision for older adults makes clear, there is a gap between the rhetoric of inter- national agreements and the practice on the ground. A few of the countries covered in the study identify the learning needs of older adults as a priority for state action. Where there is a variety of provision, it is characteristically developed by civil soci- ety organisations, sometimes backed by state fi nance. Krasovec and Krump observe in their contribution to this collection that such state support in Slovenia is ‘mod- estly fi nanced, and therefore loosely supervised and superfi cially evaluated’, and the picture they identify is not unique to Slovenia. This lightness of oversight and regulation has both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, as the studies here testify, there is a rich range of imaginative and innovative practice organised by learners for learners or by adult education organ- isations – ranging from the success of Universities of the Third Age, men’s sheds movements, the Indonesian Silver Colleges or the Maori Kaumatua elders’ pro- grammes. There is, too, a signifi cant growth in distance and online learning – from Hong Kong’s Radio College for Elders, to the growth of Mass Online Open Courses with global audiences or the online expert patient communities. v vi Foreword O n the other hand in education, just like in health and life-expectancy, the poor- est adults, those in rural communities and migrant groups, participate at dramati- cally lower rates than the affl uent and those with extended initial education. However, there is nothing inevitable about this. I worked in the 1980s as a Principal in the Inner London Education Authority, which had a policy of charging just £1 for a year for older people to study as many classes as they wanted. 35 % of London 60+ population participated each year – doubtless many coming initially to keep warm, but staying to take an extraordinarily wide range of studies. ILEA was, alas, closed, along with its older people’s programmes, an early vic- tim of national neo-liberal education policies. There is no shortage of neo-liberal policies which prioritise a narrow utilitarianism, focused on labour market needs now. Even when older people’s needs are given government priority, as in the impressive South African literacy programme, Kha Ri Gude, it is justifi ed because so many older people have head of family responsibilities in the wake of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic. There is little space in public policy for the realisation of the vision outlined in the Delors report for UNESCO, T he Treasure Within, which identifi ed four pillars of learning – learning to know, learning to do, learning to be and learn- ing to live together. For older people, it is the last two of these pillars that are the principal focus of learning. As Chui and Zao put it in their chapter, ‘The main objec- tive for adult learning is to discover the meaning of experience,’ and in the English study of what people learn at different ages we found a signifi cant shift away from vocational concerns from the mid-forties, as older adults took up courses in history, philosophy and religion. T hat adults have different priorities at different stages of the life-course is a cen- tral tenet of Schuller and Watson’s Learning Through Life. They argue, albeit in an industrial country context, that there are distinct learning priorities for older adults, roughly 50–75, discovering new roles and a differing balance between work, caring and personal development between broadly 50 and 75, and the distinct needs of older adults, who adjust to more sedentary lives, and to the changing demands of the latest phases of their lives. They also point to the diffi culty in making the case for learning to policy makers given the dearth of statistical evidence, and call for sur- veys of learning to extend beyond the 64-year-old cut-off point common in OECD countries’ statistics. One of the key challenges adult education services face is that they are, on the one hand, modest services at the margins of the institutions or education services, easily overlooked by the large scale needs of primary and secondary schools or of universities; but they are at the same time catalysts for the achievement of develop- ment goals across the board. Nowhere is this more true than in considering the welfare of older people. As the UK Foresight study, M ental Capital and Well-being concluded, good mental health relies on connecting with others, being active, keep- ing on learning, fostering curiosity and being generous – all attributes central to the goals of the U3A movement, and of many other initiatives in older people’s learn- ing. The global aspirations to end female genital mutilation, to secure clean water and sanitation, to reduce maternal mortality, to secure sustainable development and Foreword vii to foster global citizenship all rely on young and especially older adults learning, in order to understand, adapt to and to shape the changes that are sought. A s industrial countries face major increases in the size of their older, and very old populations, and longevity increases rapidly in developing countries, too, public policy will increasingly focus on the needs of older people, and organisations like the International Council for the Education of Adults will highlight the positive effects across the spectrum of investing in learning, and making that case will be easier with the evidence contained in this collection of country studies. We must hope that as that case is recognised policy makers will come to understand what so many older learners across the world recognise – that, important though it is, there is more to education and to learning than economic productivity. There is joy and laughter, storytelling, singing and conviviality, debate and dreaming: all tools for a life worth living. University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton , UK Alan Tuckett International Council for Adult Education , Leicester , UK Bibliography Aldridge, F., & Tuckett, A. (2008). W hat older people learn . Leicester: NIACE. Delors, J., et al. (1996). T he treasure within. Paris: UNESCO. Schuller, T., & Watson, D. (2009). L earning through life . Leicester: NIACE. UK Government Offi ce for Science. (2008). Foresight mental capital and wellbeing project fi nal project report executive summary . London: Government Offi ce for Science. UNESCO ‘2014 GEM Final Statement: The Muscat Agreement’. www.uis.unesco.org/Education/ Documents/muscat-agreement-2014.pdf . Accessed 29 Jan 2015. UN Open Working Group proposal for sustainable development goals. h ttps://sustainabledevelop- ment.un.org/focussdgs.html . Accessed 26 Jan 2015. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the contributors to this book who provided excellent expositions of the situation of older adult learning/education in their respective countries. Needless to say, without their prompt and empathetic responses, this book would have remained unfulfi lled. We are especially grateful to Professor Alan Tuckett, formerly Director of the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (England and Wales) and formerly President of the International Council of Adult Education, for his critical insights into learning in later life in the Foreword. Our colleagues, many of whom are authors in this book, and our students have helped provide impetus for this edited volume. We are also grateful to Springer and the staff who worked so co-operatively towards the professional production of the book. Finally, thanks also go to our respective partners, Caterina and Fiona, who through- out the past 24 months provided consistent support and encouragement to this book’s editorial challenges. ix