Author Index Alexander, W. M. 509, 729 Gilath, I. 279 Anderson, Jr., C. E. 1, 85,551 Gillespie, T. G. 479 13,95 Gillis, P. P. 503 25 Gilman, J. J. 291 37 Gosling, S. M. 13 Atkinson, D. 49 Grace, F. I. 303 Grady, D. E. 427, 851 Babcock, S. M. 695 Gratz, A. J. 531 Bahk, S. 61 Griffiths, D. J. 751 Baker, J. R. 73 Groenenboom, P. 255 Bar-Noy, T. 279 Grosch, D. J. 315, 763 Bareiss, L. 479 Bernhard, R. P. 347 Hall, C.A. 95 Bless, S. J. 85 Hansche, B. D. 13 Blossom, A. A. Hopkins 719 Hatfield, S. L. 503 Boslough, M. B. 95 Hatt, D. J. 785 Budge, K. G. 107 Heimdahl, O. E. R. 241 Burkett, M. W. 819 Helba, M. J. 519 Held, B. J. 619 Chapyak, E. J. 863 Henninger, R. 491 Charvet, E. 467 Hertel, E. S. 133 Chau, H. 451 Hickman, R. J. 13 Chavez, D. 61 Hill, S. A. 133 Chhabildas, L. C. 95, 121, 133 Hohler, V. 325, 797 Christiansen, E. L. 95, 145, 157, 169 Holsapple, K. A. 335 Cintala, M. J. 347 H6rz, F. 347 Collopy, M. T. 719 House, J. W. 407, 503 Colton, J. D. 597 Humphrey, J. W. 695 Cook, W. H. 373 Cooper, T. 181 Idzorek, G. C. 719, 775 Cour-Palais, B. G. 95, 193 Igenbergs, E. 587 Crawford, D. A. 205 Isbell, W. M. 359 Crews, J. L. 95 Culp, R. D. 479 Jaeger, Z. 279 Curling, Jr., H. L. 719, 775 Janicot, F. 255 Curtis, J. P. 217 Johnson, G. R. 373, 385 Cykowski, E. 157 Johnson, M. S. 739 Jolly, W. H. 395 Dahl, K. V. 193 Jones, S. E. 407 Davidson, R. F. 819 Dickinson, D. L. 831 Kerr, J. H. 169 Dunn, J. E. 121 Kerrisk, J. F. 417 Kipp, M. E. 427 Eliezer, S. 279 Konrad, C. H. 13 Emery, B. 61 Kustas, F. M. 479 Engiman, R. 279 Lambert, M. 255 Fahrenthold, E. P. 229 Lawrence, R. J. 439, 851 Finnegan, S. A. 241 Lee, T.-S. 325 Franzen, R. R. 551 Lee, R. 451 Frey, J. D. 255 Levadou, F. 631 Fuerstenau, S. 719 Leyrat, J. P. 467 Furnish, M. D. 267 Lindfors, A. J. 241 Littlefield, D. L. 1 Gallagher, P. J. 809 Garaud, X. 255 Gerassimenko, M. 451 883 Author Index Maag, C. R. 729 Stradling, G. L. 719, 775 Maclay, T. D. 479 Stryk, R. A. 385 Majerus, M. E. 551 Sweatt, W. C. 13 Mandell, D. A. 491 Swegle, J. W. 427 Marlow, R. B. 407 Mayes, J. L. 503 Tanner, Jr., W. G. 509, 729 McDonald, R. A. 509, 729 Tedeschi, W. J. 359 Meier, J. K. 417 Tham, R. 325 Miller, J. M. 121 Thompson, L. E. 739 Mog, R. A. 519 Trott, W. M. 439 Mullin, S. A. 763 Tsou, P. 751 325 Nahme, H. Walker, J. D. 1,551, 763 531 Nellis, W. J. Walsh, J. M. 775 541 Nolen, A. M. Wang, J.-P. 325 Waschl, J. A. 785 Olsen, G. D. 541 Watts, A. 49 Orphal, D. L. 551 Weber, K. 325, 797 Ortega, J. 157 Weickert, C. A. 809 Osher, J. 451 Wilbeck, J. S. 37 Williams, A. E. 561, 607 Peery, J. S. 107 Williamsen, J. E. 395 Persechino, M. A. 73, 561 Wilson, B. 61 Petersen, E. H. 385 Wilson, L. L. 407 Piekutowski, A. J. 193, 573 Wingate, C. A. 707, 819 Pomykal, G. 451 Poormon, K. L. 193 Yang, F. Pringle, J. K. 241 Yatteau, J. D. Pujols, H. C. 467 Yaziv, D. Yeh, Y.-K. Reinhart, W. D. 95, 121 Yew, C. H. Reschauer, W. 587 Riegel, J. P. 315, 843 Zemow, L. Robinson, J. H. 519 Rott, M. 631 Sanai, M. 597 Saravane, I. 607 Savick, D. S. 619 Scheer, S. A. 671 Schmidt, E. M. 619 Schneider, E. 631 Schneidewind, P. N. 551 Schonberg, W. P. 637, 647 Schultz, P. H. 205, 659 Schulz, J. C. 241 Schwehm, G. 631 See, T. H. 347 Shafer, B. P. 719, 775 Shephard, G. L. Y. 671 Simon, C. G. 683 Smith, J. P. 25 Sobota, T. H. 695 Speer, R. 451 Stellingwerf, R. F. 707, 819 Stilp, A. J. 325, 631, 797 Stoltzfus, J. 61 Subject Index ablation pressure, 279 compressibility, 1 absorption coefficient, 439 concrete, 385 acceleration, 121, 315 copper accelerator see projectile, target electric gun, 451 coupling efficiency, 439 energy deposition--laser, 279 covalent bonding, 291 exploding bridge foil, 785 cracking, 49 scram accelerator, 695 crater damage, 157 advection, 107 crater diameter, 73, 347, 819 aerodynamics crater shape, 1, 157 free-flight, 619 crater volume, 587, 607 aerogel, 683 cratering, 49, 205, 255, 325, 347, 587, 659, 719, aluminum 729, 775, 819 see projectile, target cratering aluminum oxide atmospheric effects, 659 see target crater growth, 659 aluminum oxide film, 61 critical angle, 157 angular impulse, 561 diameter, 325, 551 angular momentum, 561 LDEF, 157 Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler, 107, 255 lunar, 157 atmospheric erosion, 763 magnetism, 205 atmospheric interactions, 659 oblique impact, 157 penetration, 325 backsplash, 451, 797 scaling, 719, 775 ballistic limit, 25, 73, 145, 169, 395, 637, 647 velocity dependence, 551 blow off, 439, 451 volume, 325 bonding energy, 291 crystalline olivine, 683 bulging, 279 cylindrical convergence, 181 bumper shield, 25, 37, 95, 133, 145, 157, 229, 255, 395, 479, 519, 541, 573, 637, 647, 671, damage, 279, 503 707, 851 damage bumper shield brittle materials, 279 areal density, 739 ductile materials, 279 dual wall, 395 damage class, 169, 671 mesh double bumper, 95, 145, 169, 479 DDT, 241 multi-shock, 95, 145, 193, 229, 255, 479, 519, debris 541, 739 charge, 587 optimization, 479 expansion velocity, 427 projectile shape, 95 mixed phase, 707 shield design, 145, 169, 193, 541, 647 particle size, 427 thickness effect, 395 residual velocity, 427 wall spacing, 519 debris bubble, 241 BUSSL, 729 debris cloud, 13, 25, 37, 95, 133, 229, 255, 395, 427, 479, 607, 671, 739, 797, 851 cadmium, 335 debris cloud carbon fiber/epoxy, 279 debris velocity, 95 ceramic dispersion, 607, 831 aluminum oxide, 85, 181, 491 dynamics, 573 aluminum oxide film, 61 expansion, 325, 607 boron carbide, 491 expansion velocity, 325, 573, 797, 851 silicon carbide, 491 formation, 573 titanium diboride, 491 fragment distribution, 37 ceramic cloth fragment number, 37 see target fragmentation, 607 ceramics geometry, 325 see target impact velocity effects, 573 chemical bonding, 291 mass distribution, 37 885 886 Subject Index modeling, 647 fast shock tube, 417 plate thickness effects, 573 flyer plate, 121 radial velocity, 851 shaped charge, 763 spray angle, 37 fragment mass, 607 debris clouds, 573 fragment number, 37, 607 debris formation, 133 fragment simulator, 597 debris generation, 359 fragmentation, 13, 37, 49, 157, 229, 255, 325, debris morphology, 683 427, 573, 607, 707, 831, 851 debris particle free Lagrange, 181 trajectory distribution, 831 fullerenes, 531 velocity distribution, 831 decomposition energy, 439 geologic materials, 267 defect formation, 279 geologic materials depleted uranium see target see projectile glass detector see projectile, target capture cell, 49, 683, 729 glide activation energy, 291 charge, 587 gold holography, 13 see target impact, 587 grain structure, 863 impact flash, 315, 587, 683 granite, 531 plasma velocity, 683 graphite epoxy, 607 PVDF thin film, 683 gun dynamics, 315, 619 VISAR, 267 Gurney theory, 439 diagnostic systems, 359 dislocation motion, 291 hole formation, 597 dolomite, 205 hole growth, 509 DOP test, 85 hole size, 73, 347, 509, 587, 631, 637, 671, 739, dual-wall 797, 831 see bumper shield holography, 13 ductility, 291, 863 Hugoniot, 267, 451, 531 EFP, 809 ignition, 61 electron delocalization, 291 ignition temperature, 61 emission line spectra, 751 image analysis, 13 energetic materials, 241 image reconstruction, 13 energy deposition, 439 image reconstruction energy partitioning, 1 resolution limits, 13 epoxy, 719 impact flash, 315, 587, 797 equation of state, 267, 451, 531 impulse exothermic reaction, 241 angular, 561 expansion velocity, 427, 851 impulse gain, 451 exploding bridge foil, 785 impulse generation, 439 explosive launcher, 181, 467, 763 impulse loading, 831 explosive simulation, 597 inhibited shaped charge, 763 explosive volcanism, 531 intact capture, 683, 751 explosively formed projectile, 809 intact recovery see soft recovery failure, 279 ionization, 205, 587 fast shock tube, 417 iron fluence, 439 see projectile flyer plate, 181, 785 isentropic compression, 121 flyer plate acceleration, 439 jet incoherence, 763 fracture, 255, 279, 385, 417, 427, 491, 707, 851 fragment distribution, 37 kapton fragment launcher see projectile Subject Index 887 optical scatter, 49 L/D effects, 551 optimization, 315, 467 laser interaction, 439 see penetration modeling launch dynamics, 121, 315, 417, 619 PCLGGP, 315 launcher, 359 RASCAL, 619 launcher shock pressure decay, 279 exploding bridge foil, 785 Steinberg ceramic model, 491 explosive cylinder, 467 strength, 775, 819 modified two-stage, 121 stress wave propagation, 279 plasmadynamic, 587 TIS, 49 scram accelerator, 695 molecular dynamics, 509 two-stage light-gas gun, 315 momentum enhancement, 451 Van de Graaff, 719 multi-bumper, 519 LDEF, 49, 157, 347, 631, 729 multi-particle penetration, 831 light-gas gun, 315 multi-shock shield luminescence, 587 see bumper shield lunar craters, 157 muzzle blast, 619 magnetic fields, 205 numerical simulation magnetism, 205 advection, 107 magnetohydrodynamics, 205 ALE, 107, 255 material synthesis, 531 bumper shield, 479, 707 melting, 451, 707 CALE, 763, 819 melting CEL, 467 see phase transformation code linking, 229 metastable phases, 531 constitutive response, 385, 707 micrometeoroids, 359 cratering, 157, 325, 551, 809 microparticle CSQ, 551 see projectile CSQIII, 241 microstructure, 531 CTH, 1, 133, 157, 229, 303, 427, 479, 509, mixture theory, 229 551, 729 modeling debris cloud, 37, 133 BRDF, 49 DYNA2D, 229 modeling EFHYD, 255 brittle material response, 49 EFP, 809 bulging, 279 EPIC, 373, 385, 763, 819 Cour-Palais, 49 fracture, 385, 427 cracking, 49 fragmentation, 427 damage, 279, 417, 503 free Lagrange, 181 debris clouds, 851 hole formation, 597 debris environment, 49 hole size, 509 electrical Gurney, 785 HULL, 37 explosive launch, 181 JOY, 451 fragment simulator, 597 L2D, 181, 597 fragmentation, 37, 427, 851 long-rod penetration, 1 Grady-Kipp, 37 LS-DYNA2D, 325 Gumey, 439 MESA, 417, 491, 819, 863 impulse gain, 451 mesh sensitivity, 491 Johnson spall, 417 mixture theory, 229 Johnson-Cook damage, 417 molecular dynamics, 509 Johnson-Holmquist model, 491 oblique impact, 37, 157, 373, 707 Kessler model, 49 penetration, 1 laser interaction, 439 PLEXUS, 467 late stage equivalence, 719, 819 projectile shape, 133 magnetohydrodynamics, 205 RHALE, 107 mixture theory, 229 Riemann shock problem, 707 momentum enhancement, 451 short L/D, 551 888 Subject Index SMERF, 241 multi-bumper, 519 SPH, 385, 707, 819 nonsteady, 303 SPHINX, 707 obliquity, 73 tensile fracture, 491 off-axis velocity, 217 void, 229 one-dimensional, 407 yawed impact, 373 optimization, 519 ZeuS, 61, 157, 809 phases of impact, 1 nylon plate damage, 831 see projectile radial velocity, 217 regression analysis, 519 oblique impact, 37, 73, 157, 373, 395, 561, 637, residual length, 561 647, 671, 707 rotation rate, 561 optical scatter, 49 shear strength, 561 optimization, 479, 519 shield design, 25, 145, 169, 193, 395, 647 orbital debris, 359 short L/D, 551 Statistical approach, 217 particle shape, 531 steady-state, 1, 85, 843 particle size, 531 strain, 407 particle size distribution, 427 target resistance, 1, 85 penetration, 145, 169, 809 Tate, 1, 85 L/D effect, 551 Tate resistance, 1, 85 long-rod, 1, 217 thermal softening, 843 primary, 1 thickness effects, 25, 73, 145, 169, 395, 541, residual, 1 647 secondary, 1 thin films, 729 shaped charge, 217 trajectory distribution, 831 steady-state, 1 tumbling, 561 unsteady, 1 unsteady penetration, 407 velocity dependence, 1, 551 velocity distribution, 831 velocity effect, 1, 325, 551 Wilkinson Predictor, 519 velocity history, 1, 551 witness plate damage, 831, 1, 303 penetration efficiency, 85, 217, 551 perforation, 25, 145, 157, 169, 325, 347, 373, penetration modeling, 647 395, 561, 587, 637, 647, 831 angular momentum, 561 perforation area removal, 831 thickness effects, 347, 519, 587, 607, 637 Baker, 561 petalling, 637 crater diameter, 73 phase change, cratering, 729 vaporization, 587 Critical impact velocity, 303 phase transformation, 95, 133, 193, 205, 255, debris cloud, 25, 647 291, 335, 451, 479, 531, 573, 683, 729, 739, debris cloud damage, 831 797 debris cloud loading, 647 phase transformation debris dispersion, 831 vaporization, 819 empirical fit, 157 plasma, 205 FATEPEN, 831 plastic finite-thickness effects, 843 see projectile hole size, 73, 831 plasticity, 291, 503, 863 hydrodynamic, 217 plate deflection, 25, 647 hydrodynamic limit, 1 porosity, 751 hydrodynamic theory, 1 pressure distribution, 407 impulse, 561 pressure wall, 637 impulse loading, 831 primary penetration, 1 Jones-Gillis-Foster, 407 projectile KAPP code, 597 acceleration, 417 long-rods, 303 projectile see modeling MITI, 843 Subject Index 889 aluminum, 25, 49, 95, 107, 121, 145, 169, 205, sphere, 133, 157, 169, 241, 395, 573, 597, 229, 255, 479, 509, 519, 541, 607, 631, 637, 671, 707, 797, 831 637, 647, 659, 729, 751, 763, 797 stabilize, 619 aluminum oxide, 49 steel, 13, 145, 169, 241, 303, 385, 831 aluminum rod, 385 steel--4340, 407, 561 aluminum--2017, 73 steel--9SMn28, 325 aluminum--2017-T4, 157, 193, 573 steel--C1015, 407 aluminum--2017-T3, 671 steel--E51200, 427 aluminum--2024-T3, 407 thin flyer, 451 aluminum--2024-T86, 561 titanium, 121 aluminum--6061-T6, 133 tungsten, 1, 37, 85, 303, 407, 491, 551, 597, aluminum-2024, 467 843 Armco iron, 809 projectile rotation, 561 chunky, 37, 597 projectile tumbling, 561 compact fragment, 831 pulsed laser, 279 copper, 13, 467, 503, 819, 863 pyrolization, 751 copper disc, 851 pyrolytic graphite, 719 copper rod, 385 crystalline olivine, 683 radiation cylinder, 169, 325 gray body, 751 disk, 707 recovery experiments, 531 DU, 85, 373, 843 release, 267 EFP, 809 release temperature, 451, 797 fin stabilized, 619 residual penetration, 1 flare stabilized, 619 residual projectile flat plate, 95, 417 length, 561, 843 flyer plate, 121 rotation, 561 fragmentation, 417 velocity, 561, 843 glass 145, 587, 631, 683 Riemann shock problem, 707 graphite epoxy, 607 rocket motor, 241 integrity, 417 iron, 519, 631, 719, 729, 775, 819 sabot, 315, 619, 695 kapton, 785 discard, 619 kapton membrane, 451 scaling, 335, 607, 719, 775, 819 L/D effects, 551 SDT, 241 long-rod, 85, 107, 619 secondary debris, 671 low L/D, 407 secondary penetration, 1 magnesium, 95, 121 semiconductors, 291 microparticle, 61, 315, 347, 587, 683, 719, shaped charge, 467, 763, 863 775, 819 atmospheric erosion, 763 microparticles, 49, 631, 729 coherence, 763 mushrooming, 407 collapse, 863 nylon, 169, 671 fragment launcher, 763 ogive, 241 inhibited, 763 orbital debris, 359 jet tip, 763 plastic, 145 jet tip velocity, 763 plate, 133 off-axis velocity, 217 polyetheline, 659 shear strength, 561 residual length, 561 shield design, 395 rod, 707 TMB, 479 rods, 561 shock heating, 751 shape, 809 shock initiation, 241 shape effects, 133 shock recovery, 531 short cylinder, 607 shock tube, 417 short L/D, 325, 551 shock wave short rods, 407 wave shaping, 181 soda-lime glass, 347 shock wave damage, 279 890 Subject Index similarity, 335 energetic materials, 241 smooth particle hydrodynamics, 385, 707 epoxy, 719 soda-lime glass, 347 fullerenes, 531 soft recovery, 863 geologic materials, 267 soft recovery glass, 49 see intact recovery gold, 719, 775, 797 spaced targets, 373 granite, 531 spallation, 279, 587, 637 grout, 267 spectroscopy, 751 heat shield, 597 steady-state penetration, 1 iron, 279 steel Kevlar, 95, 169 see projectile lead, 797 strain, 863 limestone, 267 metallization, 291 mesh, 145, 169 mushroom, 407 microspheres, 659 strain-rate effects, 775, 819, 863 molybdenum, 797 strength, 85, 267, 279, 385, 707, 775, 819 mylar foil, 719 superconductivity, 531 Nextel, 95, 145, 169, 193, 739 surrogate material, 335 nickel foil, 719 particulates, 659 target perforation, 157, 325, 373, 561 aerogel, 683 plate thickness effects, 561 aluminum, 25, 37, 49, 61, 95, 107, 229, 255, plexiglas, 13 279, 335, 385, 395, 451, 509, 519, 587, PMMA, 427 637, 647, 719, 729, 763, 775, 797, 819, polymer foams, 751 831, 851 pressure wall, 637 aluminum foils, 683 propellant, 241 aluminum oxide, 85, 491 pumice, 659 aluminum oxide film, 61 PVDF foils, 683 aluminum--1100, 347 quartz, 531, 719 aluminum-- 1100-0, 407, 573 RHA, 85, 303, 407, 809, 843 aluminum--1100-F, 607 rock, 267 aluminum--2014, 73 sand, 659 aluminum--2024, 73 semi-infinite, 1, 157, 303, 325, 407, 551, 809, aluminum--2024-T3, 573, 607 843 aluminum--2024-T86, 561 semiconductor, 291 aluminum--2219, 671 silica phenolic/aluminum, 597 aluminum--6061, 73 silicon carbide, 491, 531 aluminum--6061-T6, 133, 157, 193, 541, 573, silver, 797 671 spaced plates, 373 aluminum--7039, 809 Spectra, 169 Astroquartz, 739 steel, 13, 385, 831 bonded adhesive joint, 279 steel (hard), 373 boron carbide, 491 steel--4340, 1, 407, 551, 561 bumper shield 25, 37, 95, 133, 145, 157, 169, steel--C45, 325 193, 255, 395, 479, 519, 541, 607, 637, steel--mild, 809 671, 739 Teflon foil, 631 cadmium, 335 teflon, 347 carbon fiber/epoxy, 279 thickness effects, 25, 73, 157, 347, 395, 541, ceramic cloth, 145, 169, 193, 739 561, 573, 587, 607, 797, 831 ceramics, 85 thin film, 729 concrete, 385 tin, 797 copper, 13, 279, 503, 531, 719, 775, 797, 809, titanium, 519 819 titanium diboride, 491 dielectric ceramic, 49 TMB, 479 dolomite, 205 transition metals, 291 dual-wall, 637 tuff, 267 Subject Index 891 zinc, 335 zinc, 797 target obliquity, 157 target resistance, 1, 85 Tate resistance, 1, 85 thermal softening, 843 thin films, 509, 531 titanium, 121 transformation strain, 291 transition metals, 291 transition pressure, 291 tungsten see projectile unsteady penetration, 1 vaporization, 707 see phase transformation velocity scaling, 335, 551 void growth, 503 void size, 503 wave shaping, 181 Whipple shield see bumper shield witness panel, 607 witness panels, 671 witness plate damage, 325, 831 hole diameters, 325 hole size, 831 standoff, 831 witness plates, 797 witness plates crater ring, 797 XDT, 241 yawed impact, 373 yield stress, 291