Te Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy Animal Studies Repository 1982 IJSAP Volume 03, Number 04 Follow this and additional works at: htp://animalstudiesrepository.org/v3_ijsap Recommended Citation "IJSAP Volume 03, Number 04" (1982). IJ3. 4. htp://animalstudiesrepository.org/v3_ijsap/4 Tis Periodical is brought to you for free and open access by the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the Animal Studies Repository. For more information, please contact --------------~,,__ ' '"~-----· --· ····-----~---- 1 !f OCTOBER- DECEMBER 1982 j.t 1! International Journal for the Study of Animal Prob VOLUME 3 NUMBER 4 l EDITORIAL OFFICERS JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Contents 3[ 4] 1982 E Andditroerws- iNn.- CRhoiwefa n, Associate Director, ISAP TPhroeb lIenmtesr naist iopnuabll ijsohuerdn aql ufaort ethrley .S tPurdiny teodf Ain imthael David B. Wilkins, Deputy Chief Veterinary U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Washington, Officer, RSPCA Dlis.Che.,d aind t haed djoituiornnal dmoa niliontg n oecffeicsessa.r ilAy rtriecflelesc tp uthbe- Editor views of either the sponsors or the publisher. Ar- Dana H. Murphy ticles appearing in this journal are indexed in Envi- ronmental Periodicals Bibliography and Current Production Manager Contents. LETTERS 262 Christine Zimmermann (U.S.) $45; $25; $17.50 A Msicsohc Ianieaslt eiWt uE.t deFi tofoxrr,s Dthiere Sctuodr y of Animal Problems (MFInoasrkteeiitg ucnthi)o e$nc5,k 5 I/pn£ad2y5iva; ibd$lu3e0a i/ln£ a1U5n.;dS $.S 2ftu2un.d5de0sn/ £to9, n r eUs.Spe. cbtaivnekl yt)o : ENDEWITSO RAINALDS A N2A6L5Y SIS 268-274 Roger Ewbank, Director HSUS for ISAP. Send to: journal Order Dept., Insti- Mickey Revisited • Defense Alternatives • FDA Approves Universities Federation for Animal Welfare tute for the Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L St., Contraceptive Dog Food 268 Stefa Rno Oyarml Srodci,e Ctyh fieofr Wtheil dPlirfev eOnftfiiocne ro f Cruelty N.W .. Washington, D.C. 20037. Those Ultrasonic Devices for Pest Control • NIH Animal Welfare Karl t WFor ouAcrnlhditm ,S aRolescg ieiotyn afol rD tihrec Ptorro tection of Animals (A©Ul1Sl 9Pr8Sig2 h5 tI5sn8 sr-2eti9stue0t)re v(e IfSdoS.r N th 0e1 S95tu-7d5y5 o4)f Animal Problems. A LifGNt uefoiwdr e"DlDirnuoegwss n• "M2 C6u9o nwgs Be2a7n0s May Replace Animals for Screening Bird Banding Bad for Birds? • The Rites of Passage of a Hunter 271 Results of the First U.S. Trial of the Quantock Group-Pen System for Raising Calves 272 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD American Psychological Association and Or. Taub 273 Separating the Dogs from the Coyotes 274 j.M. Cass, Veterans Administration, USA j.j.C. Mallinson, jersey Wildlife Preservation FOCUS 275-282 S. Clark, University of Glasgow, UK Trust, UK The Problem of Pain: What Do Animals Really Feel? 275 j.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society, E.C. Melby, Cornell University, USA C I. .LEIn. kddeiesab Co,u eSnwcead, isUhn Aivgerisciutylt uorfa Ml aUdnriivde,r sSitpya,i n TR.S BM. eMuhgaefvtohior,dr ,T, hUCeKoo ndsourelt aSnatg ienr AMneitmh aPl .A., USA CThOe MFuMtuEreN oTfS R ese2a8rc3h- 3i0n6to Relationships Between People and Their Sweden N. Myers. Consultant in Environment and Animal Companions- B.M. Levinson 283 MSL.C.KF. .WFEal.tu rFilnkengsehtiran,mg O,, kMClaeahdmoicbmariald gRSeet asUteena riUvcehnr ivsCeitorysu, intUyc,Ki l USA HF.W DO.e bvOaeerlaoh,pm mKeae, gnKata,w nUas aKNs uSttraittieo nU nCiovellersgiety, , jaUpSaAn The ECchoanogminigc sC onf cFeaprmt oAf nAinmimala Wls easlf aPrreo-pAe.r)t.Fy.- WY.Pe.b sMtecrC a3r0th1 y 295 Laboratory Animals Centre, UK j. Remfry, Universities Federation for Animal A.F. Fraser, Memorial University of Welfare, UK ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES 308-336 Newfoundland, Canada B. Rollin. Colorado State University, USA Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, and Behavioral T W.H. B. . FrGieronsds, , TVeixragsin Aia &P oMl ytUencihvneircs iItny,s tUituStAe and H.C.a rRe,o wCsaenlal,d Ca anadian Council on Animal Enhancement in Eight Primate Species- A.S. Chamove State University, USA H.H. Sambraus, University of Munich, FRG J.R. Anderson, S.C. Morgan-jones, and S.P. jones 308, R.j. Hens, Societe Veterinaire pour Ia C.W. Schwabe, University of California- Introduced Species and the Issue of Animal Welfare- M. Hutchins, j. HProoytte, cTtihoen HAunmimaante , SBoecligeituym o f the United P. DSainvgise,r ,U MSoAn ash University, Australia V. Stevens, and N. Atkins 318 P. SLteaytehsa, uUseSnA, Max Planck Institute for G.MFR. GT eutsch, Teachers' College of Karlsruhe, LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 337 Behavioral Physiology, FRG D. Wood-Gush. Edinburgh School of F.M. Loew, Tufts University, USA Agriculture, UK CURRENT EVENTS 338 Meeting Reports 338 Forthcoming Meetings 349 Announcements 350 BOOK NEWS 353 International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems is published by The Humane Society of the United States The Royal Society for the Prevention john A. Hoyt, President of Cruelty to Animals l EDITORIAL OFFICERS JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Contents 3[ 4] 1982 E Andditroerws- iNn.- CRhoiwefa n, Associate Director, ISAP TPhroeb lIenmtesr naist iopnuabll ijsohuerdn aql ufaort ethrley .S tPurdiny teodf Ain imthael David B. Wilkins, Deputy Chief Veterinary U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Washington, Officer, RSPCA Dlis.Che.,d aind t haed djoituiornnal dmoa niliontg n oecffeicsessa.r ilAy rtriecflelesc tp uthbe- Editor views of either the sponsors or the publisher. Ar- Dana H. Murphy ticles appearing in this journal are indexed in Envi- ronmental Periodicals Bibliography and Current Production Manager Contents. LETTERS 262 Christine Zimmermann (U.S.) $45; $25; $17.50 A Msicsohc Ianieaslt eiWt uE.t deFi tofoxrr,s Dthiere Sctuodr y of Animal Problems (MFInoasrkteeiitg ucnthi)o e$nc5,k 5 I/pn£ad2y5iva; ibd$lu3e0a i/ln£ a1U5n.;dS $.S 2ftu2un.d5de0sn/ £to9, n r eUs.Spe. cbtaivnekl yt)o : ENDEWITSO RAINALDS A N2A6L5Y SIS 268-274 Roger Ewbank, Director HSUS for ISAP. Send to: journal Order Dept., Insti- Mickey Revisited • Defense Alternatives • FDA Approves Universities Federation for Animal Welfare tute for the Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L St., Contraceptive Dog Food 268 Stefa Rno Oyarml Srodci,e Ctyh fieofr Wtheil dPlirfev eOnftfiiocne ro f Cruelty N.W .. Washington, D.C. 20037. Those Ultrasonic Devices for Pest Control • NIH Animal Welfare Karl t WFor ouAcrnlhditm ,S aRolescg ieiotyn afol rD tihrec Ptorro tection of Animals (A©Ul1Sl 9Pr8Sig2 h5 tI5sn8 sr-2eti9stue0t)re v(e IfSdoS.r N th 0e1 S95tu-7d5y5 o4)f Animal Problems. A LifGNt uefoiwdr e"DlDirnuoegwss n• "M2 C6u9o nwgs Be2a7n0s May Replace Animals for Screening Bird Banding Bad for Birds? • The Rites of Passage of a Hunter 271 Results of the First U.S. Trial of the Quantock Group-Pen System for Raising Calves 272 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD American Psychological Association and Or. Taub 273 Separating the Dogs from the Coyotes 274 j.M. Cass, Veterans Administration, USA j.j.C. Mallinson, jersey Wildlife Preservation FOCUS 275-282 S. Clark, University of Glasgow, UK Trust, UK The Problem of Pain: What Do Animals Really Feel? 275 j.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society, E.C. Melby, Cornell University, USA C I. .LEIn. kddeiesab Co,u eSnwcead, isUhn Aivgerisciutylt uorfa Ml aUdnriivde,r sSitpya,i n TR.S BM. eMuhgaefvtohior,dr ,T, hUCeKoo ndsourelt aSnatg ienr AMneitmh aPl .A., USA CThOe MFuMtuEreN oTfS R ese2a8rc3h- 3i0n6to Relationships Between People and Their Sweden N. Myers. Consultant in Environment and Animal Companions- B.M. Levinson 283 MSL.C.KF. .WFEal.tu rFilnkengsehtiran,mg O,, kMClaeahdmoicbmariald gRSeet asUteena riUvcehnr ivsCeitorysu, intUyc,Ki l USA HF.W DO.e bvOaeerlaoh,pm mKeae, gnKata,w nUas aKNs uSttraittieo nU nCiovellersgiety, , jaUpSaAn The ECchoanogminigc sC onf cFeaprmt oAf nAinmimala Wls easlf aPrreo-pAe.r)t.Fy.- WY.Pe.b sMtecrC a3r0th1 y 295 Laboratory Animals Centre, UK j. Remfry, Universities Federation for Animal A.F. Fraser, Memorial University of Welfare, UK ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES 308-336 Newfoundland, Canada B. Rollin. Colorado State University, USA Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, and Behavioral T W.H. B. . FrGieronsds, , TVeixragsin Aia &P oMl ytUencihvneircs iItny,s tUituStAe and H.C.a rRe,o wCsaenlal,d Ca anadian Council on Animal Enhancement in Eight Primate Species- A.S. Chamove State University, USA H.H. Sambraus, University of Munich, FRG J.R. Anderson, S.C. Morgan-jones, and S.P. jones 308, R.j. Hens, Societe Veterinaire pour Ia C.W. Schwabe, University of California- Introduced Species and the Issue of Animal Welfare- M. Hutchins, j. HProoytte, cTtihoen HAunmimaante , SBoecligeituym o f the United P. DSainvgise,r ,U MSoAn ash University, Australia V. Stevens, and N. Atkins 318 P. SLteaytehsa, uUseSnA, Max Planck Institute for G.MFR. GT eutsch, Teachers' College of Karlsruhe, LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 337 Behavioral Physiology, FRG D. Wood-Gush. Edinburgh School of F.M. Loew, Tufts University, USA Agriculture, UK CURRENT EVENTS 338 Meeting Reports 338 Forthcoming Meetings 349 Announcements 350 BOOK NEWS 353 International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems is published by The Humane Society of the United States The Royal Society for the Prevention john A. Hoyt, President of Cruelty to Animals l of genetically adapted processes rather of Chicago Press, Chicago, I L. than on the actual processes themselves. Lehrman, D.S. (1970) Semantic and con- Letters For example, the experience of hunger ceptual issues in the nature-nurture evolved to regulate the intake of food. problem, In: Aronson, L.R., Tobach, E., So long as an adequate intake of food is Lehrman, D.S., and Rosenblatt, J. S., eds, animals in their species-typical environ- achieved without interfering with other Development and Evolution of Behav- The Eternal Gap Between Ideals ments. On p. 122 of his paper he says biological processes, the nature of the iour. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francis- and Behavior that "we can do no better than to as- feelings of hunger experienced by the ani- co, CA. The inconsistencies between attitudes sume that the welfare of any adapted mal will be irrelevant to natural selection. Morris, D. (1964) The responses of animals and behavior illuminated by the Braithwaite form of life is guaranteed, i.e., that it All psychological traits that increase an to a restricted environment. Symp Zoo/ survey (lnt j Stud Anim Prob 3(1):42, 1982) does not suffer in its particular environ- animal's reproductive fitness will be se- Soc Land 13:99-118. are not confined to the general public; ment" (his italics). lected for even if they cause discomfort Southwick, C. H. (1970) Conflict and vio- they are also rife within the animal wel- My particular doubts about this state- and distress in the process. It is the ef- lence in animal societies, In: Southwick, fare movement. ment concern two aspects of genetic fects of psychological traits on repro- C.H., ed., Animal Aggression. Van Nos- Thus, we see that otherwise credible hu- adaptation. The first of these is that ani- ductive fitness which are subject to gen- trand Reinhold, New York, NY. mane societies are in the persistent habit mals are not ideally adapted to every as- etic adaptation rather than their effects Trivers, R.L. (1974) Parent-offspring con- of serving up their own "welfare" meet- pect of their environments. Rather, animals on welfare. All of animals' hedonic ex- flict. Am Zoo/14:249-264. ings the products of that very cruelty are "complicated sets of compromises" periences will be the means of bringing Wilkinson, P.F. and Shank, C.C. (1976) Rut- which they campaign against. Is it surpris- (Morris, 1964) to all prevailing environ- about sexual, exploratory, feeding or other ting-fight mortality among musk oxen ing that they fail to influence the public mental pressures. For example, the injury behaviors. Natural selection will geneti- on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, as much as they would wish? (often serious) sustained during competi- cally adapt animals according to the out- Canada. Anim Behav 24:756-758. tion between conspecifics is a compromise come of these behaviors, rather than the I would submit that the discrepancy be- resulting from the demand for resources means by which they were brought about. tween attitude and behavior may not sim- exceeding supply (Geist, 1971; Wilkinson In other words, what the animal experi- ply be the result of failing to live up to and Shank, 1976; Southwick, 1970). Also, ences is generally unimportant for the one's own ideals. The alternative explan- the trauma of weaning in mammals is purposes of genetic adaptation, provid- ation for the behavior could be that those the compromise solution to parent-off- ed that it induces the animal to interact Dr. Beilharz Responds d a s thoibsacoptiu elatitt y ti hdndeogeei mris t oahntatsoivtttuer ad rbteeesase.l lnyiEn l evcnseasurr ymet h deatarhnoya u ttrsh u umwtmhuafacyunhsl sicnpuosrmtiranipngrgc oce mosi niso felfiw ccnet oal(lnT-tuasrirdivdeaee prorsta,ef b d1gl e9e7 an4sne)ui.tmf ifcTea hrlaeisnds. gea pTaothrace- twaFhrpeeop m crwao enBpl refdiaiaolrhte ean rloyz ' fsb w aeointrthyieg riai ntstdah alea pnst vuetigodrog afneosmsrsmtueiomn note.-f tthIh iafaet ablu Ict olwamirsgmhe eltyon c tsmo.n ackuer twheit hfo Dllro. wBianxgte ar'ds dviiteiowns-, about animal suffering. tions, along with the inevitable variation is guaranteed- I have argued that: (1) 1. I agree that when populations of ani- It is, after all, much easier to fill in a between individual animals around the all the characteristics of individual ani- mals adapt to their environment, compro- questionnaire than to alter one's habits. species norm suggests that, at most, on- mals are compromises and not ideal adap- mises will be made among the different ly a few members of a few species will tations to the environment; and (2) the demands that the environment imposes. judith E. Hampson be sufficiently well adapted to have welfare effects of psyc_hological traits This must be particularly true in the vari- Chief Animal Experimentation their welfare guaranteed. will not be genetically adapted, provid- able and unpredictable environments of Ro CRyearusl eSaltoryc hiteo tO yA ffnfioicmre tarh les Prevention of jIet ompaigrhdtiz ebe ththeo upgrihntc itphlaet thiast dBoesil hnaorzt epdro tphreia atenliym wali this itnsd euncveidro tnom ienntet.r act ap- malnsy k wepildt eaxnteimnasilvse alyn.d of domestic ani- Causeway, Horsham was trying to convey but merely requires The welfare of any genetically adapted ·One can go further, however, to say that Sussex, RH12 1HG it to be qualified. It could thus be sug- animal could therefore be unsatisfactory if, in nature, animals continue to be sub- England gested that "within the limits imposed in the environment to which it is adapted. ject to conflicting environmental pres- by conflicting environmental pressures, sures that genetic adaptation of animals welfare, in a species-typical environment, M.R. Baxter cannot adequately meet, then it is unrea- will be optimized by genetic adaptation." The Scottish Farm Buildings sonable for anyone to demand, as many Discrepancy Between Successful This brings me to the second aspect of Investigation Unit do, that a more complete matching of Adaptation and Welfare genetic adaptation about which I have Craibstone, Bucksburn the environment to the needs of animals I was delighted to read Professor Beil- doubts. Aberdeen, AB2 9TR should be achieved for farm animals. Even harz's penetrating discussion of animal A great contribution by Lehrman (1970) Scotland in farm animals kept intensively, genetic welfare in the journal (lnt j Stud Anim to the nature-nurture controversy was to adaptation is occurring, unless we pre- References Prob 3(2):117, 1982). One point of disagree- point out that "nature selects for out- vent it, and in due course, even in this ment I would like to raise concerns Beil- comes." By this he meant that natural Geist, V. (1971) Mountain Sheep: A Study "new" environment, welfare "will be op- harz's assumption about the welfare of selection operates on the consequences in Behaviour and Evolution. University timized by genetic adaptation." 262 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 263 l of genetically adapted processes rather of Chicago Press, Chicago, I L. than on the actual processes themselves. Lehrman, D.S. (1970) Semantic and con- Letters For example, the experience of hunger ceptual issues in the nature-nurture evolved to regulate the intake of food. problem, In: Aronson, L.R., Tobach, E., So long as an adequate intake of food is Lehrman, D.S., and Rosenblatt, J. S., eds, animals in their species-typical environ- achieved without interfering with other Development and Evolution of Behav- The Eternal Gap Between Ideals ments. On p. 122 of his paper he says biological processes, the nature of the iour. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francis- and Behavior that "we can do no better than to as- feelings of hunger experienced by the ani- co, CA. The inconsistencies between attitudes sume that the welfare of any adapted mal will be irrelevant to natural selection. Morris, D. (1964) The responses of animals and behavior illuminated by the Braithwaite form of life is guaranteed, i.e., that it All psychological traits that increase an to a restricted environment. Symp Zoo/ survey (lnt j Stud Anim Prob 3(1):42, 1982) does not suffer in its particular environ- animal's reproductive fitness will be se- Soc Land 13:99-118. are not confined to the general public; ment" (his italics). lected for even if they cause discomfort Southwick, C. H. (1970) Conflict and vio- they are also rife within the animal wel- My particular doubts about this state- and distress in the process. It is the ef- lence in animal societies, In: Southwick, fare movement. ment concern two aspects of genetic fects of psychological traits on repro- C.H., ed., Animal Aggression. Van Nos- Thus, we see that otherwise credible hu- adaptation. The first of these is that ani- ductive fitness which are subject to gen- trand Reinhold, New York, NY. mane societies are in the persistent habit mals are not ideally adapted to every as- etic adaptation rather than their effects Trivers, R.L. (1974) Parent-offspring con- of serving up their own "welfare" meet- pect of their environments. Rather, animals on welfare. All of animals' hedonic ex- flict. Am Zoo/14:249-264. ings the products of that very cruelty are "complicated sets of compromises" periences will be the means of bringing Wilkinson, P.F. and Shank, C.C. (1976) Rut- which they campaign against. Is it surpris- (Morris, 1964) to all prevailing environ- about sexual, exploratory, feeding or other ting-fight mortality among musk oxen ing that they fail to influence the public mental pressures. For example, the injury behaviors. Natural selection will geneti- on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, as much as they would wish? (often serious) sustained during competi- cally adapt animals according to the out- Canada. Anim Behav 24:756-758. tion between conspecifics is a compromise come of these behaviors, rather than the I would submit that the discrepancy be- resulting from the demand for resources means by which they were brought about. tween attitude and behavior may not sim- exceeding supply (Geist, 1971; Wilkinson In other words, what the animal experi- ply be the result of failing to live up to and Shank, 1976; Southwick, 1970). Also, ences is generally unimportant for the one's own ideals. The alternative explan- the trauma of weaning in mammals is purposes of genetic adaptation, provid- ation for the behavior could be that those the compromise solution to parent-off- ed that it induces the animal to interact Dr. Beilharz Responds d a s thoibsacoptiu elatitt y ti hdndeogeei mris t oahntatsoivtttuer ad rbteeesase.l lnyiEn l evcnseasurr ymet h deatarhnoya u ttrsh u umwtmhuafacyunhsl sicnpuosrmtiranipngrgc oce mosi niso felfiw ccnet oal(lnT-tuasrirdivdeaee prorsta,ef b d1gl e9e7 an4sne)ui.tmf ifcTea hrlaeisnds. gea pTaothrace- twaFhrpeeop m crwao enBpl refdiaiaolrhte ean rloyz ' fsb w aeointrthyieg riai ntstdah alea pnst vuetigodrog afneosmsrsmtueiomn note.-f tthIh iafaet ablu Ict olwamirsgmhe eltyon c tsmo.n ackuer twheit hfo Dllro. wBianxgte ar'ds dviiteiowns-, about animal suffering. tions, along with the inevitable variation is guaranteed- I have argued that: (1) 1. I agree that when populations of ani- It is, after all, much easier to fill in a between individual animals around the all the characteristics of individual ani- mals adapt to their environment, compro- questionnaire than to alter one's habits. species norm suggests that, at most, on- mals are compromises and not ideal adap- mises will be made among the different ly a few members of a few species will tations to the environment; and (2) the demands that the environment imposes. judith E. Hampson be sufficiently well adapted to have welfare effects of psyc_hological traits This must be particularly true in the vari- Chief Animal Experimentation their welfare guaranteed. will not be genetically adapted, provid- able and unpredictable environments of Ro CRyearusl eSaltoryc hiteo tO yA ffnfioicmre tarh les Prevention of jIet ompaigrhdtiz ebe ththeo upgrihntc itphlaet thiast dBoesil hnaorzt epdro tphreia atenliym wali this itnsd euncveidro tnom ienntet.r act ap- malnsy k wepildt eaxnteimnasilvse alyn.d of domestic ani- Causeway, Horsham was trying to convey but merely requires The welfare of any genetically adapted ·One can go further, however, to say that Sussex, RH12 1HG it to be qualified. It could thus be sug- animal could therefore be unsatisfactory if, in nature, animals continue to be sub- England gested that "within the limits imposed in the environment to which it is adapted. ject to conflicting environmental pres- by conflicting environmental pressures, sures that genetic adaptation of animals welfare, in a species-typical environment, M.R. Baxter cannot adequately meet, then it is unrea- will be optimized by genetic adaptation." The Scottish Farm Buildings sonable for anyone to demand, as many Discrepancy Between Successful This brings me to the second aspect of Investigation Unit do, that a more complete matching of Adaptation and Welfare genetic adaptation about which I have Craibstone, Bucksburn the environment to the needs of animals I was delighted to read Professor Beil- doubts. Aberdeen, AB2 9TR should be achieved for farm animals. Even harz's penetrating discussion of animal A great contribution by Lehrman (1970) Scotland in farm animals kept intensively, genetic welfare in the journal (lnt j Stud Anim to the nature-nurture controversy was to adaptation is occurring, unless we pre- References Prob 3(2):117, 1982). One point of disagree- point out that "nature selects for out- vent it, and in due course, even in this ment I would like to raise concerns Beil- comes." By this he meant that natural Geist, V. (1971) Mountain Sheep: A Study "new" environment, welfare "will be op- harz's assumption about the welfare of selection operates on the consequences in Behaviour and Evolution. University timized by genetic adaptation." 262 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 263 I~ , I 2. I agree with Dr. Baxter's second point to repeat the point in my paper. I believe that "nature selects for outcomes." Yes, that the desert mammal no longer suffers it is those genes that are passed on, which frorri thirst (i.e., plagued by a feeling ac- Editorials were carried by the individuals that achiev- companying thirst) in the same way as ed an adequate food intake resulting in would a human who had had nothing to survival and reproduction, regardless of drink for 3 days. Thus, I do believe that how this came about. However, I believe genetic adaptation will, in general, also that if an animal obtains adequate feed take care of the welfare aspects of psy- only after significant pain or hunger (in chological traits. However, I realize that Reader Survey other words after some depression of its this is a question that is very difficult to welfare), while another animal in the resolve experimentally. same environment does so with less dis- comfort, there will usually be some real R.G. Bei/harz Andrew N. Rowan side-effects accompanying the depres- School of Agriculture & Forestry sion in welfare, so that in the long run University of Melbourne selection will favor the genotypes whose Parkville 3052, Victoria welfare is not depressed. This leads me Australia As many of our American readers reportedly decided not to submit arti- know, we recently polled 600 subscrib- cles to the journal because "they do not ers to find out what they think of the want to give us any legitimacy." Under journal to date and how they feel we such circumstances, we feel that the ad- John Steinbeck told a little story- should develop in the future. We receiv- mittedly biased context of the journal is a personal story as wine-dry as the ed an excellent response- 26% (156) re- more the result of a lack of trust and dia- hills of Baja California where it is laid. turned completed questionnaires and data logue in the past, than of any hidden agen- With a companion, he was resting in from these are presented in Tables 1 and 2. da on our part. We hope that those of Pigeon experts know that pig- the shade while a couple of Indian In general, we believe that these re- our readers who would like to see more eons cannot be exterminated. At most friends scoured the hills for borrego, sults indicate that the journal is moving debate will either contribute their own they can be moved about. The great- or bighorn sheep. He wrote that this in the right direction. However, eight re- thoughts or else encourage their colleag- est American practitioner of the sci- is "the nicest hunting we have ever spondents gave the journal a "poor" ues to submit articles. ence of moving pigeons about was one had .... We do not like to kill things- rating, and there was definitely less en- One interesting suggestion was that Lewis Neid, of St. Paul, Minnesota. we do it when it is necessary but we thusiasm among scientists than among we should follow the example of The Be- The Neid technique might not work take no pleasure in it.'' Toward eve- animal welfare advocates. Of those who havioral and Brain Sciences. This is a per- in Washington, but it was perfect for ning, the Indians return without sheep graded the journal as being poor, the iodical, recently brought to my atten- St. Paul. At the height of Neid's but with solid evidence thereof. "On major criticism was one of bias. Thus, tion, in which a paper is distributed to a career, St. Paul had only three tall the way back from the mountain, one one respondent noted "While the journal range of respected academics in the field buildings: the State Capitol on a hill of the Indians offered us his pocketful may try to present a spectrum of opin- who then comment on it. The author is to the north, the Arch-Diocesan Cath- of sheep droppings, and we accepted ions, I feel that it does not. The journal given a chance for a final rebuttal. We edral on a hill to the northwest, and only a few because he did not have appears to be essentially an organ for may be able to adapt this idea to our jour- the first National Bank building, on many and he probably had relatives pro-animal welfare views." It is certainly ~al, although we will probably have to pub- what was called the upper levee. Neid who wanted them .... For ourselves, true that the bulk of our published arti- lish the original article and comments in hired himself out as pigeon remover we have had mounted on a small hard- cles favor animal welfare, but this is merely successive issues because of space con- to church, state, and commerce, but wood plaque one perfect borrego drop- a reflection of the fact that most of the traints. never to all three simultaneously. In ping. And where another man can say, articles submitted for publication tend We were also intrigued by the com- this way, the pigeons always had a 'There was an animal, but because I to be written from an animal welfare per- ments of several that there was too safe haven in at least one of the three am greater than he, he is dead and I spective. When we have had articles that much of a vegetarian slant in the jour- buildings, while each of the three am alive, and there is his head to prove do not fit this mold (e.g., Lindsey, I]SAP nal. There have undoubtedly been occa- great estates of St. Paul could feel it,' we can say, 'There was an animal, 1:229-233; Turner and Strak, 1jSAP 2:15-18; sions when the question of ethical veg- that they were rid of pigeons most of and for all we know there still is and and Hutchins eta/. in this issue), we have eterianism has been discussed, but we the time. here is the proof of it. He was very usually had to solicit them ourselves. are surprised that we have been perceived healthy when we last heard of him.''' Perhaps it was unrealistic of us to by some (including an animal activist) as Eugene McCarthy hope to receive articles arguing opposite having too much of a vegetarian slant. This article is reprinted from John Steinbeck Eugene McCarthy is the former senator and Edward F. Ricketts, Sea of Cortez: A points of view, given our sponsorship and Comments on Subject Matter f rpryroi nm1t4 e,M d1 if9nr8no1em.s oTtah.e TNheiws aRrteipculeb lwica, sF reeb- rua- L(Neeiswu rYeolyr k:J oVuikrninagl, o1f9 4T1)r,a vpepl. 1a6n3d- 1R67e.s earch ethvee rk, nwoew na rein tdeirseasptsp ooifn ttehde tehdaitto srso.m Heo iwn- see mMoaren yh oarfd o udra trae sopno nfadremnt sa nwda nlatebdo rtao- dividuals who hold different views have tory animal issues and, to be frank, so 264 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 265 I~ , I 2. I agree with Dr. Baxter's second point to repeat the point in my paper. I believe that "nature selects for outcomes." Yes, that the desert mammal no longer suffers it is those genes that are passed on, which frorri thirst (i.e., plagued by a feeling ac- Editorials were carried by the individuals that achiev- companying thirst) in the same way as ed an adequate food intake resulting in would a human who had had nothing to survival and reproduction, regardless of drink for 3 days. Thus, I do believe that how this came about. However, I believe genetic adaptation will, in general, also that if an animal obtains adequate feed take care of the welfare aspects of psy- only after significant pain or hunger (in chological traits. However, I realize that Reader Survey other words after some depression of its this is a question that is very difficult to welfare), while another animal in the resolve experimentally. same environment does so with less dis- comfort, there will usually be some real R.G. Bei/harz Andrew N. Rowan side-effects accompanying the depres- School of Agriculture & Forestry sion in welfare, so that in the long run University of Melbourne selection will favor the genotypes whose Parkville 3052, Victoria welfare is not depressed. This leads me Australia As many of our American readers reportedly decided not to submit arti- know, we recently polled 600 subscrib- cles to the journal because "they do not ers to find out what they think of the want to give us any legitimacy." Under journal to date and how they feel we such circumstances, we feel that the ad- John Steinbeck told a little story- should develop in the future. We receiv- mittedly biased context of the journal is a personal story as wine-dry as the ed an excellent response- 26% (156) re- more the result of a lack of trust and dia- hills of Baja California where it is laid. turned completed questionnaires and data logue in the past, than of any hidden agen- With a companion, he was resting in from these are presented in Tables 1 and 2. da on our part. We hope that those of Pigeon experts know that pig- the shade while a couple of Indian In general, we believe that these re- our readers who would like to see more eons cannot be exterminated. At most friends scoured the hills for borrego, sults indicate that the journal is moving debate will either contribute their own they can be moved about. The great- or bighorn sheep. He wrote that this in the right direction. However, eight re- thoughts or else encourage their colleag- est American practitioner of the sci- is "the nicest hunting we have ever spondents gave the journal a "poor" ues to submit articles. ence of moving pigeons about was one had .... We do not like to kill things- rating, and there was definitely less en- One interesting suggestion was that Lewis Neid, of St. Paul, Minnesota. we do it when it is necessary but we thusiasm among scientists than among we should follow the example of The Be- The Neid technique might not work take no pleasure in it.'' Toward eve- animal welfare advocates. Of those who havioral and Brain Sciences. This is a per- in Washington, but it was perfect for ning, the Indians return without sheep graded the journal as being poor, the iodical, recently brought to my atten- St. Paul. At the height of Neid's but with solid evidence thereof. "On major criticism was one of bias. Thus, tion, in which a paper is distributed to a career, St. Paul had only three tall the way back from the mountain, one one respondent noted "While the journal range of respected academics in the field buildings: the State Capitol on a hill of the Indians offered us his pocketful may try to present a spectrum of opin- who then comment on it. The author is to the north, the Arch-Diocesan Cath- of sheep droppings, and we accepted ions, I feel that it does not. The journal given a chance for a final rebuttal. We edral on a hill to the northwest, and only a few because he did not have appears to be essentially an organ for may be able to adapt this idea to our jour- the first National Bank building, on many and he probably had relatives pro-animal welfare views." It is certainly ~al, although we will probably have to pub- what was called the upper levee. Neid who wanted them .... For ourselves, true that the bulk of our published arti- lish the original article and comments in hired himself out as pigeon remover we have had mounted on a small hard- cles favor animal welfare, but this is merely successive issues because of space con- to church, state, and commerce, but wood plaque one perfect borrego drop- a reflection of the fact that most of the traints. never to all three simultaneously. In ping. And where another man can say, articles submitted for publication tend We were also intrigued by the com- this way, the pigeons always had a 'There was an animal, but because I to be written from an animal welfare per- ments of several that there was too safe haven in at least one of the three am greater than he, he is dead and I spective. When we have had articles that much of a vegetarian slant in the jour- buildings, while each of the three am alive, and there is his head to prove do not fit this mold (e.g., Lindsey, I]SAP nal. There have undoubtedly been occa- great estates of St. Paul could feel it,' we can say, 'There was an animal, 1:229-233; Turner and Strak, 1jSAP 2:15-18; sions when the question of ethical veg- that they were rid of pigeons most of and for all we know there still is and and Hutchins eta/. in this issue), we have eterianism has been discussed, but we the time. here is the proof of it. He was very usually had to solicit them ourselves. are surprised that we have been perceived healthy when we last heard of him.''' Perhaps it was unrealistic of us to by some (including an animal activist) as Eugene McCarthy hope to receive articles arguing opposite having too much of a vegetarian slant. This article is reprinted from John Steinbeck Eugene McCarthy is the former senator and Edward F. Ricketts, Sea of Cortez: A points of view, given our sponsorship and Comments on Subject Matter f rpryroi nm1t4 e,M d1 if9nr8no1em.s oTtah.e TNheiws aRrteipculeb lwica, sF reeb- rua- L(Neeiswu rYeolyr k:J oVuikrninagl, o1f9 4T1)r,a vpepl. 1a6n3d- 1R67e.s earch ethvee rk, nwoew na rein tdeirseasptsp ooifn ttehde tehdaitto srso.m Heo iwn- see mMoaren yh oarfd o udra trae sopno nfadremnt sa nwda nlatebdo rtao- dividuals who hold different views have tory animal issues and, to be frank, so 264 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT 1 STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 265 A.N.Rowan Editorial The Language of Animal Exploitation TABLE 1 Rating of Journal's Impact* Michael W. Fox Excellent Good Moderate Poor A detailed, cross-cultural linguistic a significant choice of terms, since it im- Institutions 7 15 2 1 analysis of terminology related to var- plies that the animals are dying for hu- Individuals ious forms of animal exploitation might man benefit, or for the sake of the ad- a) Res. Scientists & give considerable insight into how pro- vancement of knowledge. I find the word Veterinarians 13 19 8 3 fessional and vested interest groups per- "pet" demeaning when speaking of com- b) An. Welf. Professionals & Activists 32 15 5 ceive and value animals and how sensi- panion animals like cats and dogs, and c) Other (e.g., attorneys, tive they are about what they do. Dairy animals that are denominated by the farmers) 9 10 3 2 cattle, breeding sows, and laying hens sterile term "specimens" by zoologists TOTAL 61 [42%) 59 [40%) 18 (12%) 8 (6%) have been called "production units" and and naturalists can hardly be perceived "biomachines." These are examples of as more than objects or things. Animals, *Only 146 returns contained information on identity of respondent how language can be laundered to as- even though they, like us, have gender, suage guilt, gain public respectability, or are rarely referred to as "she" or "he" TABLE 2 Does the Journal Need More or Less Objectivity avoid public ridicule. There are myriad but as "it." They are also deanimalized other examples. Unwanted cats and dogs further by the use of such pronouns as More Less Stay the Same are "put to sleep," rather than killed; "that," rather than "who" or "whom." Institutions 15 7 surplus pets are euthanized (which means Also, teachers of English, writers, jour- Individuals mercy killing), rather than depopulated. nalists, and others could help by banish- a) Res. Scientists & Veterinarians 34 8 Seals, deer, and other wildlife are "har- ing from our vocabulary the demeaning vested" (as if they were apples) rather inferences made about animals when they b) An. Welf. Professionals & Activists 23 3 25 than slaughtered. Recently, farm groups are used in reference to essentially hu- c) Other [e.g., attorneys, have voiced their distress about the idea, man traits and shortcomings: e.g., "pig," farmers) 12 3 14 advanced by some humane education "swine," "sloth," "bitch." TOTALS 84 [58%) 6 (4%) 54 (38%) groups, that we eat animals. They do not The hypothesis that our language find this concept palatable, especially serves not only to distance us from ani- would we. Up until now, most of the hard more articles. Respondents asked for ma- when addressed to children, and would mals, but also tends to reduce them to data has appeared in the News and Ana- terial on the usefulness of ethological prefer to see us talk of "eating meat." It the level of insensitive objects, deserves lysis section with the rest of the journal data in addressing animal welfare prob- is true that we do not consume whole ani- testing. Such language also conveys an given over to opinion and review arti- lems and the whole issue of sentience. In mals- but meat does come from whole aura of respectability to ethically ques- cles. However, we will have a number of that regard, the Focus piece on pain and animals! tionable forms of animal exploitation, original articles appearing in future is- anxiety in animals in this issue of the Scientists often use the term "sacri- and even sanctifies some forms, as in the sues, which will help to mitigate some of journal may be of interest. We do not fice" in place of "kill" when speaking of "sacrifice" of laboratory animals. this criticism. have any plans to seek out contributions laboratory animals. This usage represents We have also had many requests for on animal behavior, but it is obviously a articles on animal population control, research area of great importance to the ranging from problems of urban strays. journal, and, as such, will receive high to predators to rodent pests. We admit priority. that we have had far too little material There were many other topics which on this topic but hope to improve next were mentioned by the respondents. year. For example, we have accepted a Space precludes a discussion of all of paper on feral dog control in Cyprus and them, but we would like to assure our read- ers that we have made a list of their re- have solicited two articles on the impact quests and will use that list to establish of spay/neuter programs on urban animal priorities in the future. We would like to populations. We hope that this will stim- thank our readers for all the support we ulate a more detailed examination of an- have received and urge you to continue to imal control and shelter operations. communicate your concerns and interests. Behavior and ethology was another area that produced many requests for /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3{4) 1982 267 266 A.N.Rowan Editorial The Language of Animal Exploitation TABLE 1 Rating of Journal's Impact* Michael W. Fox Excellent Good Moderate Poor A detailed, cross-cultural linguistic a significant choice of terms, since it im- Institutions 7 15 2 1 analysis of terminology related to var- plies that the animals are dying for hu- Individuals ious forms of animal exploitation might man benefit, or for the sake of the ad- a) Res. Scientists & give considerable insight into how pro- vancement of knowledge. I find the word Veterinarians 13 19 8 3 fessional and vested interest groups per- "pet" demeaning when speaking of com- b) An. Welf. Professionals & Activists 32 15 5 ceive and value animals and how sensi- panion animals like cats and dogs, and c) Other (e.g., attorneys, tive they are about what they do. Dairy animals that are denominated by the farmers) 9 10 3 2 cattle, breeding sows, and laying hens sterile term "specimens" by zoologists TOTAL 61 [42%) 59 [40%) 18 (12%) 8 (6%) have been called "production units" and and naturalists can hardly be perceived "biomachines." These are examples of as more than objects or things. Animals, *Only 146 returns contained information on identity of respondent how language can be laundered to as- even though they, like us, have gender, suage guilt, gain public respectability, or are rarely referred to as "she" or "he" TABLE 2 Does the Journal Need More or Less Objectivity avoid public ridicule. There are myriad but as "it." They are also deanimalized other examples. Unwanted cats and dogs further by the use of such pronouns as More Less Stay the Same are "put to sleep," rather than killed; "that," rather than "who" or "whom." Institutions 15 7 surplus pets are euthanized (which means Also, teachers of English, writers, jour- Individuals mercy killing), rather than depopulated. nalists, and others could help by banish- a) Res. Scientists & Veterinarians 34 8 Seals, deer, and other wildlife are "har- ing from our vocabulary the demeaning vested" (as if they were apples) rather inferences made about animals when they b) An. Welf. Professionals & Activists 23 3 25 than slaughtered. Recently, farm groups are used in reference to essentially hu- c) Other [e.g., attorneys, have voiced their distress about the idea, man traits and shortcomings: e.g., "pig," farmers) 12 3 14 advanced by some humane education "swine," "sloth," "bitch." TOTALS 84 [58%) 6 (4%) 54 (38%) groups, that we eat animals. They do not The hypothesis that our language find this concept palatable, especially serves not only to distance us from ani- would we. Up until now, most of the hard more articles. Respondents asked for ma- when addressed to children, and would mals, but also tends to reduce them to data has appeared in the News and Ana- terial on the usefulness of ethological prefer to see us talk of "eating meat." It the level of insensitive objects, deserves lysis section with the rest of the journal data in addressing animal welfare prob- is true that we do not consume whole ani- testing. Such language also conveys an given over to opinion and review arti- lems and the whole issue of sentience. In mals- but meat does come from whole aura of respectability to ethically ques- cles. However, we will have a number of that regard, the Focus piece on pain and animals! tionable forms of animal exploitation, original articles appearing in future is- anxiety in animals in this issue of the Scientists often use the term "sacri- and even sanctifies some forms, as in the sues, which will help to mitigate some of journal may be of interest. We do not fice" in place of "kill" when speaking of "sacrifice" of laboratory animals. this criticism. have any plans to seek out contributions laboratory animals. This usage represents We have also had many requests for on animal behavior, but it is obviously a articles on animal population control, research area of great importance to the ranging from problems of urban strays. journal, and, as such, will receive high to predators to rodent pests. We admit priority. that we have had far too little material There were many other topics which on this topic but hope to improve next were mentioned by the respondents. year. For example, we have accepted a Space precludes a discussion of all of paper on feral dog control in Cyprus and them, but we would like to assure our read- ers that we have made a list of their re- have solicited two articles on the impact quests and will use that list to establish of spay/neuter programs on urban animal priorities in the future. We would like to populations. We hope that this will stim- thank our readers for all the support we ulate a more detailed examination of an- have received and urge you to continue to imal control and shelter operations. communicate your concerns and interests. Behavior and ethology was another area that produced many requests for /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3(4) 1982 /NT I STUD ANIM PROB 3{4) 1982 267 266