International Development Policy: Energy and Development International Development Policy Previous and forthcoming titles AFRICA: 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE, NO. 1 (2010) FROM DEVELOPMENT AID TO GLOBAL PUBLIC POLICIES, NO. 3 (2012) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY: ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT Editor-in-Chief Gilles Carbonnier Professor of Development Economics, The Graduate Institute, Geneva Editorial Board Jean-Louis Arcand Professor of Development Economics, The Graduate Institute, Geneva Suren Erkman Director, Institute of Land Use Policies and Human Environment, University of Lausanne Daniel Fino Director, International Executive Master in Development Studies (IMAS), The Graduate Institute, Geneva Till Foerster Professor of Social Anthropology, Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Basel Jean-Claude Huot General-Secretary, Swiss Catholic Lenten Fund, Lausanne Katharina Michaelowa Professor of Political Economy and Development, Institute of Political Science, University of Zurich; Director, Center for Comparative and International Studies, Zurich Gérard Perroulaz Research Fellow, Economist, The Graduate Institute, Geneva Dominique Rossier Senior Lecturer and Head of Africa Section, International Executive Master in Development Studies (IMAS), The Graduate Institute, Geneva Marie Thorndahl Coordinator, International Development Policy, The Graduate Institute, Geneva Cédric Tille Professor of International Economics, The Graduate Institute, Geneva James Zhan Director, Division on Investment and Enterprise, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Research Assistant Emmanuel Dalle Mulle Copy-editing and proof-reading Ceri Hammond Figures layout Catherine Fragnière Infographic section Gérard Perroulaz, Cartografare il presente – University of Bologna (Cécile Marin, Coordination) Translator Syntax Übersetzungen AG (Peter Robbins) Visit International Development Policy and associated documents online http://poldev.revues.org iii © Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-28248-3 ISBN 978-0-230-31401-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230314016 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International development policy : energy and development / Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Power resources. 2. Sustainable development. I. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) HD9502.A2I576 2011 333.79–dc22 2011011817 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 iv CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Preface x Notes on Contributors xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv PART 1: DOSSIER ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Energy and Development 3 Gilles CARBONNIER and Jacques GRINEVALD 2 Towards Global Energy Governance: How to Patch the Patchwork 21 Sijbren DE JONG 3 Energy Security and Sub-Saharan Africa 44 Emily MEIERDING 4 Old Wine in New Bottles? Does Climate Policy Determine Bilateral Development Aid for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency? 60 Axel MICHAELOWA and Katharina MICHAELOWA 5 Challenges in the Energy Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: An Evaluation of 18 Years of Swiss Economic Cooperation 87 Guy BONVIN 6 Indian Energy Policy and Strategy: Pre- and Post-Copenhagen 2009 97 Megha SHENOY, Grishma JAIN and Tara PARTHASARATHY 7 Pay to Preserve: The Global Politics of Ecuador’s Yasuní–ITT Proposal 117 Pamela L. MARTIN PART 2: REVIEW MAJOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY TRENDS 8 Advancing Sustainable Development in Global Trade and Multilateral Negotiations 137 Christophe BELLMANN, Ahmed ABDEL LATIF and Jonathan HEPBURN 9 Aspects of Development Financing After the Financial and Economic Crisis 164 Bruno GURTNER v International Development Policy 10 Migration and Development: The Policies of China and India with Regard to their Overseas Communities 181 Jérôme ELIE, Marylène LIEBER and Christine LUTRINGER INFOGRAPHIC SECTION Energy and Development 197 Trends in Development Aid 211 INDEX 221 vi LIST OF FIGURES PART 1: DOSSIER 1.1 The golden age of oil throughout history, 0–2500 8 1.2 Global CO emissions from fossil-fuel burning, 1800–2007 9 2 2.1 Level of institutionalisation 40 2.2 Level of representativeness 40 2.3 Enforceability of compliance 40 4.1 Overall development of mitigation aid over time: (a) share of climate change mitigation projects in total aid projects; (b) share of mitigation projects in overall commitments 67 4.2 Evolution of oil prices 68 4.3 Traditional renewable energy: (a) hydro projects as a share of all aid projects; (b) geothermal projects as a share of all aid projects 69 4.4 Solar and wind: (a) solar projects as a share of all aid projects; (b) wind projects as a share of all aid projects 70 4.5 Biomass and biogas: (a) biomass projects as a share of all aid projects; (b) biogas projects as a share of all aid projects 72 4.6 Other renewable energy and combined projects: (a) landfill gas projects as a share of all aid projects; (b) renewable energy cross-cutting projects as a share of all aid projects 73 4.7 Energy efficiency: (a) efficiency projects as a share of all aid projects; (b) cogeneration projects as a share of all aid projects; (c) cookstove efficiency projects as a share of all aid projects 75 4.A1 Decreasing aid for mitigation projects from governments sceptical of climate policy 85 4.A2 Decreasing aid for mitigation projects from governments supporting climate policy 85 4.A3 Oscillating aid for mitigation projects 86 4.A4 Onset of aid for mitigation projects only after the start of climate policy 86 5.1 Average corruption indicator (1996–2008) versus efficiency of SECO’s interventions 93 6.1 India’s energy consumption, by source of energy 99 6.2 Growth of primary energy consumption in India, US, China, Switzerland and Nigeria 100 6.3 Annual population growth in India, China and the world 101 6.4 Per capita energy consumption in India and the world 103 6.5 India’s consumption of electricity, by various sectors of the economy 104 vii International Development Policy 6.6 India’s energy intensity compared to that of China, Switzerland and the world 104 7.1 Yasuní National Park and the ITT oil block 118 7.2 Dynamic processes of global governance networks 120 7.3 Yasuní Fund 125 PART 2: REVIEW 8.1 Quarterly exports by region and selected economies 139 8.2 Quarterly imports by region and selected economies 140 8.3 Estimated impact of the draft Doha agriculture text on cotton net trade values (percentage change), 1998–2007 averages 144 8.4 Share of LDCs’ exports affected by an exclusion of 3 per cent of tariff lines in DFQF in selected export markets 146 8.5 Developing-country share of world exports in single-use climate-friendly goods (percentage) 152 8.6 Growth rate of claimed priorities patenting for selected climate mitigation technologies (percentage) 159 viii LIST OF TABLES PART 1: DOSSIER 4.A1 Determinants of mitigation aid 83 4.A2 Variable description 84 5.1 SECO projects in the case study countries, 1992–2009 90 7.1 National and international NGOs involved in the Yasuní–ITT campaign 121 7.2 Sources of funding for the Yasuní–ITT initiative 126 7.3 Changes to the Yasuní Fund Steering Committee 129 PART 2: REVIEW 8.1 Strengths and weaknesses of selected preferential schemes 145 8.2 LDC gains from DFQF in key exporting markets under different scenarios 147 9.1 Net international capital flows to developing countries, 2006–10 (in USD billions) 168 9.2 Net transfer of financial resources to developing countries and economies in transition, 2006–09 (in USD billions) 169 ix