I C O L D COMMITTEE ON CONCRETE DAMS THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE IN DAMS Draft for ICOLD Review MARCH 2008 ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams AVERTISSEMENT – EXONÉRATION DE RESPONSABILITÉ : Les informations, analyses et conclusions contenues dans cet ouvrage n'ont pas force de Loi et ne doivent pas être considérées comme un substitut aux réglementations officielles imposées par la Loi. Elles sont uniquement destinées à un public de Professionnels Avertis, seuls aptes à en apprécier et à en déterminer la valeur et la portée et à en appliquer avec précision les recommandations à chaque cas particulier. Malgré tout le soin apporté à la rédaction de cet ouvrage, compte tenu de l'évolution des techniques et de la science, nous ne pouvons en garantir l'exhaustivité. Nous déclinons expressément toute responsabilité quant à l'interprétation et l'application éventuelles (y compris les dommages éventuels en résultant ou liés) du contenu de cet ouvrage. En poursuivant la lecture de cet ouvrage, vous acceptez de façon expresse cette condition. NOTICE – DISCLAIMER : The information, analyses and conclusions in this document have no legal force and must not be considered as substituting for legally-enforceable official regulations. They are intended for the use of experienced professionals who are alone equipped to judge their pertinence and applicability and to apply accurately the recommendations to any particular case. This document has been drafted with the greatest care but, in view of the pace of change in science and technology, we cannot guarantee that it covers all aspects of the topics discussed. We decline all responsibility whatsoever for how the information herein is interpreted and used and will accept no liability for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Do not read on unless you accept this disclaimer without reservation. As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams COMMITTEE ON CONCRETE DAMS COMITÉ DES BARRAGES EN BÉTON (1991-2008) Chairman/Président USA/Etats-Unis J.R. Graham (1992 – 1997) USA/Etats-Unis/Canada/Canada R.G. Charlwood (since 1998) Vice Chairman/Vice Président France/France J. Launay (since 1998) Members/Membres Australia/Australie M. Pegg (to 1996) B. Forbes (since 1997) Austria/Autriche H. Huber (1996 - 2000) G. Heigarth (2001) W. Pichler (since 2002) Brazil/Brésil F.R. Andriolo (to 2001) J. Marques Filho (since 2002) Canada/Canada R.G. Charlwood (1996 - 2006) P. Ko (since 2007) China/Chine Shen Conggang (to 1998) Jia Jinsheng (since 1999) Croatia/Croatie V. Ukrainczyk (to 2006) France/France J. Launay (to 1999) M. Guerinet (since 2000) Great Britain/Grande-Bretagne M.R.H. Dunstan India/Inde B.J. Parmar Iran/Iran M.E. Omran (to 1997) A.A. Ramazanianpour (1998 – 2006) M. R. Jabarooti (since 2007) Italy/Italie P. Bertacchi (to 1995) M. Berra (since 1996) Japan/Japon S. Nagataki (to 1997) O. Arai (1998-2002) T. Uesaka (since 2002) Norway/Norvège O.J. Berthelsen Portugal/Portugal A. Camelo As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 i ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams Russia/Russie A.D. Osipov (to 2000) G. Kostyrya (since 2000) South Africa/Afrique du Sud J. Kroon (to 2004) J. Geringer (since 2005) Spain/Espagne J.M. Gaztanaga (to 1999) J. Buil Sanz (since 2000) Sweden/Suède J. Alemo (to 2006) T Ekstrom (since 2007) Switzerland/Suisse H. Kreuzer (to 2007) M. Conrad (since 2007) USA/Etats-Unis V. Zipparro (1999-2000) G. Mass (2001) R.G. Charlwood (since 2002) As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 ii ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Bulletin was drafted under the auspices of the ICOLD Committee on Concrete Dams. The Bulletin was initiated under the Committee Chairmanship of J.R. Graham (USA), and completed under the Chairmanship of R.G. Charlwood (USA/Canada). The lead author of the Bulletin initially was P. Bertacchi (Italy) and since 1996 has been M. Berra (Italy) who has developed and completed the document. H. Kreuzer (Switzerland) provided a precious assistance in reviewing and editing. The initial drafting team included P. Bertacchi, M. Berra, G. Ferrara & P. Morabito (Italy), V. Ukrainczyk (Croatia), R. Charlwood (Canada), M. Machado (Portugal), J. Alemo (Sweden) and T. Liu (USA). The final Bulletin was drafted as follows: Section 1 - Introduction, was prepared by P. Bertacchi and M. Berra (Italy). Section 2 – Strength Properties, was initially drafted by V. Ukrainczuk (Croatia) and subsequently redrafted by H. Kreuzer (Switzerland) with inputs regarding sonic measurements from M. Berra (Italy). Section 3 – Elastic Properties, was initially drafted by R. Charlwood (USA/Canada) and subsequently completed by M. Berra (Italy) with inputs from H. Kreuzer and M. Conrad (Switzerland) and J. Buil Sanz (Spain). Section 4 – Creep Properties, was drafted by T.C. Liu (USA) and completed with contributions from M. Berra (Italy) and H. Kreuzer ((Switzerland). Section 5 – Shrinkage, was drafted by M. Berra (Italy). Section 6 – Thermal Properties, was drafted by P. Morabito (Italy) and completed with contributions of M. Berra (Italy) and H. Kreuzer ((Switzerland). Section 7 – Water Permeability, was initially drafted by J. Alemo (Sweden) and subsequently redrafted by T. Ekstrom (Sweden) with contributions from H. Kreuzer (Switzerland) and M. Berra (Italy). Section 8 – Frost Resistance, was drafted by M. Berra (Italy) with inputs from H. Kreuzer (Switzerland). Appendix A – Fracture Energy: application for dams, was drafted by G. Ferrara and G.A. Plizzari (Italy) with inputs from H. Kreuzer (Switzerland) on size effects and biaxial testing. Appendix B – Physical Properties of Construction Joints in Concrete Dams, was drafted by F. R. Andriolo and W.A. Pacelli (Brazil), G.S. Sarkaria (USA) with inputs from V. Zipparrro (USA), M. Berra (Italy), M. Guerinet (France) and J. Buil Sanz (Spain). Appendix C – Physical Properties of Concrete Subjected to Expansion Phenomena such as AAR in Dams, was drafted by R. Charlwood (USA/Canada) with inputs from D. Curtis (Canada) and subsequently completed and edited by M. Berra (Italy). As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 iii ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE IN DAMS Table of contents Section Page Committee on Concrete for Dams i Acknowledgements iii Table of contents iv FOREWORD vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of the Bulletin 1.2 Scope 1.3 Relationship to earlier Bulletins 1.4 Definitions 1.5 Content of the Bulletin 2. STRENGTH PROPERTIES 2.1 General 2.2 Concrete testing 2.3 Compressive strength 2.4 Tensile strength 2.4 Shear strength 2.6 Dynamic strength 2.7 References 3. ELASTIC PROPERTIES 3.1 General 3.2 Static modulus of elasticity 3.3 Dynamic modulus of elasticity 3.4 Poisson’s ratio 3.5 Significance of elastic properties on dam behaviour 3.6 Use of elastic properties in mathematical models for dam structural analysis 3.7 References As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 iv ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams 4. CREEP PROPERTIES 4.1 General 4.2 Factors influencing creep 4.3 Measurements of creep 4.4 Significance of creep properties on dam behaviour 4.5 Modelling creep in structural analysis 4.6 References 5. SHRINKAGE 5.1 General 5.2 Types of shrinkage 5.3 Causes and mechanism of drying shrinkage 5.4 Factors affecting drying shrinkage 5.5 Estimation of drying shrinkage 5.6 Effect of shrinkage on cracking 5.7 Effect of shrinkage on concrete dams 5.8 References 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES 6.1 General 6.2 Temperature rise of young concrete during the hydration of cementitious materials 6.3 Thermal conductivity of hardened concrete 6.4 Specific heat of hardened concrete 6.5 Thermal diffusivity of hardened concrete 6.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion of hardened concrete 6.7 In situ measurements of concrete temperatures 6.8 References 7. WATER PERMEABILITY 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Factors influencing the concrete water permeability 7.3 Tests method for water permeability 7.4 Modelling water permeability in saturated concrete 7.5 References As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 v ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams 8. FROST RESISTANCE 8.1 General 8.2 Frost resistance, mechanism and effects 8.3 Factors affecting the frost resistance 8.4 Methods for experimental determination of the concrete frost resistance 8.5 Laboratory diagnostic investigations 8.6 Freezing and thawing on concrete dams 8.7 References APPENDICES A. FRACTURE ENERGY: APPLICATIONS FOR DAMS A.1 General A.2 Fracture parameters A.3 Determination of fracture parameters A.4 Factors influencing the factor energy A.5 Applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) A.6 References B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS IN DAMS B.1 General B.2 Typical requirements and methods for joint treatment B.3 Performance of construction joints and investigations B.4 Case histories on construction joint investigations B.5 References C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO EXPANSION PHENOMENA SUCH AS AAR IN DAMS C.1 Introduction. C.2 The nature of the ASR in concrete dams C.3 Damage due to ASR in concrete dams C.4 The physical properties of ASR affected concrete in Dams C.5 References As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 vi ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams FOREWORD In 1991, the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) directed that its Technical Committee on Concrete for Dams, then under the Chairmanship of J.R. Graham (USA), and subsequently under the Chairmanship, of R.G. Charlwood (CANADA/USA), to undertake the preparation of a comprehensive report on the physical properties of concrete in dams. A sub-Committee of the ICOLD Committee on Concrete for Dams, chaired initially by P. Bertacchi (Italy) and subsequently M. Berra (Italy), prepared this Bulletin. The purpose of this Bulletin is to provide a comprehensive treatise on the physical properties of hardened conventional concrete for dams, refreshing the partial information contained in some out-of-date ICOLD Bulletins, giving an account of new approaches and examining also some important properties not included in the previous Bulletins. This document supersedes the ICOLD Bulletins: n° 15 (Frost resistance of concrete - 1960), n° 25 (Extensibility of concrete for large dams - 1976) and n° 26 (Methods of determining effects on shrinkage, creep and temperature on concrete for large dams - 1976). The main body of this Bulletin addresses the physical properties of the mass concrete used most frequently in design and analyses of concrete dams and appurtenant structures. These include strength, elastic, creep, shrinkage and thermal properties, permeability, and frost resistance. The Appendices address newer and more advanced concepts including the application of fracture energy to concrete dams, the properties of construction joints and the properties of expanding concrete in dams, in particular concrete in dams subject to alkali-silica reaction although this latter topic will be addressed in a new Bulletin. The scope of the Bulletin is, for each property considered, to show typical behaviour, factors influencing it, methods for experimental determination, and, last but not least, methods to introduce the properties in mathematical models to be utilized both for design and observation. This Bulletin does not specifically address the properties of hardened concrete of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams which are partially dealt in the Bulletin n° 75 – Roller Compacted Concrete for Gravity Dams and in Bulletin n° 126 Roller-Compacted Concrete Dams. This specific topic may be the subject of a separate Bulletin at a later date. Robin G. Charlwood Chairman Committee on Concrete Dams March 2008 As submitted for ICOLD review, March 2008 vii ICOLD Bulletin: The Physical Properties of Hardened Conventional Concrete in Dams Section 1 (Introduction) 1 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE BULLETIN........................................................................1 1.2 SCOPE..............................................................................................................3 1.3 RELATIONSHIP TO EARLIER BULLETINS....................................................3 1.4 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................3 1.5 CONTENT OF THE BULLETIN........................................................................4 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE BULLETIN The purpose of this Bulletin is to provide a unique, comprehensive and update treatise on the physical properties of hardened conventional concrete for dams, refreshing the partial information contained in some out-of-date ICOLD Bulletins, giving an account of new approaches and examining also some important properties not included in the previous Bulletins. In particular this new document serves to supersede the following out-of-date ICOLD Bulletins: n° 15 (Frost resistance of concrete - 1960), n° 25 (Extensibility of concrete for large dams - 1976) and n° 26 (Methods of determining effects on shrinkage, creep and temperature on concrete for large dams - 1976). The main body of this Bulletin addresses the physical fundamental properties of the mass concrete material used most frequently in design and analyses of concrete dams and appurtenant structures. These include strength, elastic properties, creep, drying shrinkage and thermal properties, water permeability, and durability. It is understood that mass concrete material represents the intact concrete inside the mass of the dam and not the more general mass concrete dam that include also structural components and imperfections (Fig. 1.1). In fact, mass concrete material can be thought of as “defect-free” whereas mass concrete structures, such as dams, often have manmade structural components and imperfections as for example construction and contraction joints, interfaces with other materials (e.g. waterstops, injected sealing materials), drains or have cavities like cracks or honey combs. Chapters 2 through 8 focus on issues of the “mass concrete material”. Some information on the physical properties of “manmade discontinuities” and cracked concrete is presented in the Appendices A, B and C. Furthermore the Appendices address newer and more advanced concepts including the application of fracture mechanics to concrete dams, the properties of construction joints and some physical properties of expanding concrete, in particular concrete in dams subjected to alkali-aggregate reactions. As submitted for ICOLD review, march 2008 Section 1-1