To access additional material or resources available with this e-book, please visit http://www.thieme.com/bonuscontent. After completing a short form to verify your e-book purchase, you will be provided with the instructions and access codes necessary to retrieve any bonus content. 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 12 12.02.16 11:32 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 1 12.02.16 11:32 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 2 12.02.16 11:32 Volum e 2 Int ernal Organs THIEME At las of Anat o m y 2nd Edit ion Authors Michael Schuenke, MD, PhD Institute of Anatomy Christian Albrecht University, Kiel Erik Schulte, MD Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Udo Schumacher, MD FRCPath, CBiol, FIBiol, DSc Institute of Anatomy II: Experimental Morphology University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf Consulting Editor Wayne A. Cass, PhD Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Kentucky Illustrations by Markus Voll Karl Wesker Thieme New York • Stuttgart • Delhi • Rio de Janeiro 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 3 12.02.16 11:32 Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing Editorial Director, Educational Products: Anne M. Sydor continual development. Research and clinical experience are con- Editorial Assistants: Huvie Weinreich and Tony Paese tinually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of Managing Editor: Judith Tomat proper treatment and drug therapy. 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Every user Illustrations: Markus Voll and Karl Wesker is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ lea ets accom- Compositor: Agnieszka & Martin Waletzko, Leonberg, Germany panying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers di er Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is is available from the publisher upon request. particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s Copyright ©2016 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccura- cies noticed. 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Nilo Peçanha, 50 – Sala 2508 Rio de Janeiro 20020-906, Brasil +55 21 3172 2297 This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copy- Printed in China by Everbest Printing Ltd 5 4 3 2 1 right. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the nar- row limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s con- ISBN 978-1-62623-166-5 sent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of Also available as an e-book: micro lms, and electronic data processing and storage. eISBN 978-1-62623-165-8 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 4 12.02.16 11:32 Co nte nts Foreword by Lawrence M. Ross, Brian R. MacPherson, and Anne M. Gilroy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII Consulting Editor Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX Structure and Deve lopme nt of Org an Syste ms 1 Body Cavities 5 Urinary System 1.1 De nitions, Overview, and Evolution of Body Cavities . . . . . . 2 5.1 Overview of the Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.2 Organogenesis and the Development of Body Cavities . . . . 4 5.2 Development of the Kidneys, Renal Pelvis, and Ureters . . . 42 1.3 Compartmentalization of the Intraembryonic Coelom . . . . . 6 5.3 Development of Nephrons, and the Urinary Bladder 1.4 Organization and Architecture of Body Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . 8 and Ureters; Developmental Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 2 Cardiovascular System 6 Genital System 2.1 Overview and Basic Wall Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.1 Overview of the Genital System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 2.2 Terminal Vessels and Overview of the Major Blood Vessels 12 6.2 Development of the Gonads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3 Cardiogenic Area, Development of the Heart Tube . . . . . . . 14 6.3 Development of the Genital Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.4 Development of the Inner Chambers of the Heart 6.4 Comparison of Gender Di erences and Relationship and Fate of the Sinus Venosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 to the Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.5 Cardiac Septation (Formation of the Atrial, Interventricular, 6.5 Comparison of Embryonic and Mature Structures . . . . . . . .54 and Aorticopulmonary Septa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6 Pre- and Postnatal Circulation and Common Congenital 7 Lymphatic System Heart Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.1 Overview of the Lymphatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.2 Lymphatic Drainage Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3 Respiratory System 3.1 Overview of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8 Endocrine System 3.2 Development of the Larynx, Trachea, and Lungs . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3 Lung Development and Maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 8.1 Overview of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8.2 Metabolism and Feedback Loop Regulation in the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4 Digestive System 4.1 Overview of the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9 Autonomic Nervous System 4.2 Development and Di erentiation of the Gastrointestinal Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 9.1 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems . .64 4.3 Mesenteries and Primordia of the Digestive Organs in 9.2 A erent Pathways of the Autonomic Nervous System the Caudal Foregut Region; Stomach Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . 32 and the Enteric Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 4.4 Stomach Rotation and Organ Location in the Caudal Foregut Region; Formation of the Omental Bursa . . . . . . . .34 4.5 Rotation of the Intestinal Loop and Development of Midgut and Hindgut Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.6 Summary of the Development of the Midgut and Hindgut; Developmental Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 V 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 5 12.02.16 11:32 Table of Contents Thorax 10 Overview and Diaphragm 13.4 Trachea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 13.5 Lungs: 10.1 Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity and Mediastinum . . . . . . . . 70 Shape and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 10.2 Diaphragm: 13.6 Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Location and Projection onto the Trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 13.7 Functional Structure of the Bronchial Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 10.3 Structure and Main Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 13.8 Pulmonary Arteries and Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 10.4 Innervation, Blood and Lymphatic Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 13.9 Bronchial Arteries and Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 13.10 Functional Structure of the Vascular Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 11 Overview of Neurovascular Structures 13.11 Innervation and Lymphatic Drainage of the Trachea, Bronchial Tree, and Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 11.1 Arteries: Thoracic Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 13.12 Respiratory Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 11.2 Veins: Vena Cava and Azygos System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 13.13 Radiological Anatomy of the Lungs and Vascular System . 152 11.3 Lymphatic Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 13.14 Computed Tomography of the Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 11.4 Thoracic Lymph Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 11.5 Thoracic Innervation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 14 Esophagus and Thymus and their Neurovasculature 12 Organs of the Cardiovascular System and their Neurovasculature 14.1 Esophagus: Location and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 12.1 Location of the Heart in the Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 14.2 Inlet and Outlet, Opening and Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 12.2 Pericardium: Location, Structure, and Innervation . . . . . . .90 14.3 Wall Structure and Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 12.3 Heart: Shape and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 14.4 Arteries and Veins of the Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 12.4 Structure of the Heart Musculature (Myocardium) . . . . . . .94 14.5 Lymphatic Drainage of the Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 12.5 Cardiac Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 14.6 Innervation of the Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 12.6 Overview of the Cardiac Valves (Valve Plane and 14.7 Thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Cardiac Skeleton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 12.7 Cardiac Valves and Auscultation Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 15 Topographical Anatomy 12.8 Radiographic Appearance of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 12.9 Sonographic Appearance of the Heart: 15.1 Surface Anatomy, Topographical Regions, Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 and Palpable Bony Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 12.10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Heart . . . . . . . .106 15.2 Anatomical Landmarks of the Thoracic Skeleton 12.11 Impulse Formation and Conduction System of (Projection of Organs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 the Heart; Electrocardiogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 15.3 Structure of the Anterior Thoracic Wall and its 12.12 Mechanical Action of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Neurovascular Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 12.13 Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: 15.4 Thoracic Organs in situ: Classi cation and Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Anterior, Lateral, and Inferior Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 12.14 Coronary Arteries: Coronary Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 15.5 Posterior Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 12.15 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Heart Attack . . . . . . . 116 15.6 Heart: Pericardial Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 12.16 Conventional Coronary Angiography 15.7 Overview of the Mediastinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 (Heart Catheter Examination) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 15.8 Posterior Mediastinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 12.17 Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography (MSCT) 15.9 Superior Mediastinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Coronary Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 15.10 Aortic Arch and Superior Thoracic Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . 188 12.18 Balloon Dilatation, Aortocoronary Venous and 15.11 Clinical Aspects: Arterial IMA Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Coarctation of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 12.19 Lymphatic Drainage of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 15.12 Aortic Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 12.20 Innervation of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 13 Organs of the Respiratory System and their Neurovasculature 13.1 Lungs: Location in the Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 13.2 Pleural Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 13.3 Boundaries of the Lungs and Parietal Pleura . . . . . . . . . . . 132 VI 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 6 12.02.16 11:32 Table of Contents Abdome n and Pe lvis 16 Structure of the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities: 18.21 Branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery: Overview Arteries Supplying the Pancreas, Small Intestine, and Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 16.1 Architecture, Wall Structure, and Functional Aspects . . . . 196 18.22 Branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery: 16.2 Divisions of the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities . . . . . . . . . . 198 Arteries Supplying the Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 16.3 Classi cation of Internal Organs Based on their 18.23 Supply to the Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Relationship to the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities . . . . . .200 18.24 Portal Vein: Venous Drainage of the Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 17 Overview of Neurovascular Structures 18.25 Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Veins: Venous Drainage of the Small and Large Intestine . . . . . . .268 17.1 Branches of the Abdominal Aorta: 18.26 Branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Vein: Overview and Paired Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Venous Drainage of the Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 17.2 Unpaired and Indirect Paired Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 18.27 Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach, Spleen, 17.3 Inferior Vena Caval System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Pancreas, Duodenum, and Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 17.4 Portal Venous System (Hepatic Portal Vein) . . . . . . . . . . .208 18.28 Lymphatic Drainage of the Small and Large Intestine . . . . 274 17.5 Venous Anastomoses in the Abdomen and Pelvis . . . . . . . 210 18.29 Autonomic Innervation of the Liver, Gallbladder, 17.6 Lymphatic Trunks and Lymph Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . 276 17.7 Overview of the Lymphatic Drainage of 18.30 Autonomic Innervation of the Intestine: Abdominal and Pelvic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Distribution of the Superior Mesenteric Plexus. . . . . . . . 278 17.8 Autonomic Ganglia and Plexuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 18.31 Distribution of the Inferior Plexus and Inferior 17.9 Organization of the Sympathetic and Hypogastric Plexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Parasympathetic Nervous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 19 Organs of the Urinary System and their 18 Organs of the Digestive System and their Neurovasculature Neurovasculature 19.1 Overview of the Urinary Organs; The Kidneys in situ . . . . .282 18.1 Stomach: 19.2 Kidneys: Location, Shape, Divisions, and Interior View . . . . . . . . .220 Location, Shape, and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 18.2 Wall Structure and Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 19.3 Architecture and Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 18.3 Small Intestine: 19.4 Renal Pelvis and Urinary Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Duodenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 19.5 Suprarenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 18.4 Jejunum and Ileum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 19.6 Ureters in situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 18.5 Large Intestine: 19.7 Urinary Bladder in situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Colon Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 19.8 Urinary Bladder, Bladder Neck, and Urethra: 18.6 Wall Structure, Cecum, and Vermiform Appendix . . . . .230 Wall Structure and Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 18.7 Location, Shape, and Interior View of Rectum . . . . . . . .232 19.9 Functional Anatomy of Urinary Continence . . . . . . . . . . . .298 18.8 Continence Organ: 19.10 Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Structure and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 19.11 Arteries and Veins of the Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands: 18.9 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 18.10 Disorders of the Anal Canal: Hemorrhoidal Disease, 19.12 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Anal Abscesses, and Anal Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 19.13 Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidneys, Suprarenal Glands, 18.11 Rectal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Ureter, and Urinary Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 18.12 Liver: 19.14 Autonomic Innervation of the Urinary Organs and Position and Relationship to Adjacent Organs . . . . . . . . 242 Suprarenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 18.13 Peritoneal Relationships and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 18.14 Segmentation and Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 20 Organs of the Genital System and their 18.15 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts: Neurovasculature Location and Relationships to Adjacent Organs . . . . . . . . .248 18.16 Extrahepatic Bile Ducts and Pancreatic Ducts. . . . . . . . . . .250 20.1 Overview of the Genital Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 18.17 Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 20.2 Female Internal Genitalia: 18.18 Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 18.19 Branches of the Celiac Trunk: 20.3 Topographical Anatomy and Peritoneal Relationships; Arteries Supplying the Stomach, Liver, Shape and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 and Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 20.4 Wall Structure and Function of the Uterus . . . . . . . . . . . 316 18.20 Arteries Supplying the Pancreas, Duodenum, 20.5 Positions of the Uterus and Vagina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 and Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 20.6 Epithelial Regions of the Uterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 20.7 Cytologic Smear, Conization; Cervical Carcinoma . . . . .322 VII 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 7 12.02.16 11:32 Table of Contents Ne urovascular Supply to the Organs: A Sche matic Approach 20.8 Female Internal Genitalia: 22.1 Thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 Ovary and Follicular Maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 22.2 Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 20.9 Pregnancy and Childbirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 22.3 Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402 20.10 Male Genitalia: Accessory Sex Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 22.4 Pericardium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 20.11 Prostate Tumors: Prostatic Carcinoma, Prostatic 22.5 Lung and Trachea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Hyperplasia; Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 22.6 Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 20.12 Male Genitalia: 22.7 Liver, Gallbladder, and Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 22.8 Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407 20.13 Seminiferous Structures and Ejaculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 22.9 Duodenum and Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 20.14 Branches of the Internal Iliac Artery: Overview of Arteries 22.10 Jejunum and Ileum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Supplying the Pelvic Organs and Pelvic Wall . . . . . . . . . . . .336 22.11 Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Ascending 20.15 Vascularization of the Male Pelvic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 and Transverse Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 20.16 Vascularization of the Female Pelvic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . .340 22.12 Descending Colon and Sigmoid Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 20.17 Vascularization of the Female Internal Genitalia and 22.13 Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Urinary Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 22.14 Kidney, Ureter, and Suprarenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 20.18 Lymphatic Drainage of the Male and Female Genitalia . . .344 22.15 Urinary Bladder, Prostate, and Seminal Vesicle . . . . . . . . . . 414 20.19 Autonomic Innervation of the Male Genitalia . . . . . . . . . .346 22.16 Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 20.20 Autonomic Innervation of the Female Genitalia . . . . . . . .348 22.17 Uterus, Uterine Tube, and Vagina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 22.18 Uterine Tube and Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 21 Topographical Anatomy 21.1 Surface Anatomy, Topographic Regions, and Palpable Bony Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 21.2 Location of the Abdominal and Pelvic Organs and their Projection onto the Trunk Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 21.3 Topography of the Opened Peritoneal Cavity (Supracolic and Infracolic Part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 21.4 Drainage Spaces and Recesses within the Peritoneal Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 21.5 Overview of the Mesenteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 21.6 Topography of the Omental Bursa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 21.7 Topography of the Upper Abdominal Organs: Liver, Gallbladder, Duodenum, and Pancreas . . . . . . . . .362 21.8 Stomach and Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 21.9 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 21.10 Topography of the Small and Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . .368 21.11 Radiography of the Small and Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . 370 21.12 Topography of the Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 21.13 Retroperitoneum: Overview and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 21.14 Peritoneal Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 21.15 Organs of the Retroperitoneum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 21.16 Location of the Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 21.17 Peritoneal Relationships in the Anterior Abdominal Wall . .382 21.18 Peritoneal Relationships in the Lesser Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . .384 21.19 Topography of Pelvic Connective Tissue, Levels of the Pelvic Cavity, and the Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . .386 21.20 Suspensory Apparatus of the Uterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 21.21 Female Pelvis in situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 21.22 Male Pelvis in situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 21.23 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Female Pelvis . . . . . . . . . .394 21.24 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Male Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . .396 VIII 000_Frontmatter_Vol2_2e_EN_Print.indd 8 12.02.16 11:32