INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE 2003 ANNUAL UPDATE VINCENT JEAN~LOUIS Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE ANNUAL UPDATE 2003 Editor J ean..-Louis Vincent MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels Brussels, Belgium With 176 Figures and 96 Tables ~Springer Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808 B-1 070 Brussels Belgium ISBN 978-1-4757-5550-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-5548-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0 Printed on acid-free paper. ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or schol- arly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, elec tronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editor nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10954263 www.springer-ny.com Contents Epithelial-Endothelial Alterations Role of Epithelial ICAM-1 in Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury 3 (B. Beck-Schimmer, R. C. Schimmer, and T. Pasch) Pulmonary Endothelium-Bound Enzymes in the Normal and the Diseased Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1. . . . . . (S.E. Orfanos, A. Kotanidou, and C. Roussos) Endothelial Cell Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill 21 (S. V. Baudouin) Sepsis: Mechanisms and Therapy Reconciling Clinical Criteria and the Use of Genetically Engineered Animals in Sepsis Research . . . . . . 35 (G. Albuszies, C. Ince, and P. Radermacher) Human Genetics and Human Sepsis: Is the Tail Wagging the Dog? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 6. . (D. Burgner and M. Levin) Microarray Technology in Sepsis: Tool or Toy . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 (S. Russwurm, H. P. Deigner, and K. Reinhart) Update on Anti-Endotoxin Therapies 65 (R. Stephens and M. Mythen) An Update of Childhood Meningococcal Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . 76 (]. Ramet, N. Najafi, and A. Benatar) The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Risk of Sepsis and ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 (E. L. Burnham, M. Moss, and G. S. Martin) VI Contents Supplementing Arginine during Sepsis: from Theory to Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97. . . . . (M. Poeze and M.J. Bruins) Coagulation Abnormalities Severe Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Critically Ill Patients . 109 (F. Pene, Y. E. Claessens, and f. P. Mira) Heparin in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients on the ICU Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. 0 . . . . . . . (M. Levi, A. Cornelie de Pont, and E. de Jonge) Endogenous Anticoagulants and the Role of Heparin in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.9 . . . . (C.J. Wiedermann and C. Pechlaner) Is Recombinant Activated Factor VII a Universal Hemostatic? . 136 (P. Diprose, R. Gill, and M. Herbertson) Infectious Challenges Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Associated Risks and Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .4 9. . . . . (H.F.L. Wertheim and J.A.J. W. Kluytmans) Current Dilemmas in the Management of Adults with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia ... .... ... .. 162 (J. Rello, f. A. Paiva, and C. S. Dias) Evaluation of Non-Resolving and Progressive Pneumonia ... . 175 (R. Menendez and A. Torres) Candida in Lung Specimens from Non-Neutropenic ICU Patients: Infection or Colonization? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 8. . . . (E. Azoulay and B. Schlemmer) A Reappraisal of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 .9 . . . . . . (A. Heininger, W.A. Krueger, and K.E. Unertl) Management of Catheter-Related Sepsis in the ICU ... ..... 209 (B. Mourvillier and f. F. Timsit) Empiric Antibiotics in Critical Illness: Do they Help or Harm? 219 (M.A. Aarts and J. C. Marshall) Contents VII Acute Respiratory Failure Mortality Rates in Patients with ARDS: What Should be the Reference Standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 . . (N.D. Ferguson, F. Frutos-Vivar, and A. Esteban) Sigh in Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. 3. . . . (N. Patroniti, G. Foti, and A. Pesenti) The Conditioning of Medical Gases during Spontaneous Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .5 5 . . . . . . . . (D. Chiumello, N. Bottino, and P. Pelosi) Recent Innovations in Mechanical Ventilatory Support . . . . . 2. 64 (N. Macintyre) Expiratory Flow Limitation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients 272 (A. Koutsoukou, C. Roussos, and]. Milic-Emili) Respiratory Muscle Unloading during Mechanical Ventilation . 280 (]. Beck, ]. Spahija, and C. Sinderby) High Frequency Oscillation (HFO): Physiological Basis for a Potentially 'Optimal' Protective Ventilatory Strategy . . . 288 (A. Rossi, T. E. Stewart, and V. M. Ranieri) Withdrawal from Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with COPD: The Issue of Congestive Heart Failure 295 (B. Cabello and]. Mancebo) Inhalation Therapies Inhalation Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . 30. 5 (E. Kondili, C. Alexopoulou, and D. Georgopoulos) Trials of Surfactant Replacement Therapy in Patients with ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 7. . . . . . . . (M.]. Schultz,]. Kesecioglu, and B. Lachmann) Surfactant Therapy: Beyond a Rescue Therapy for ARDS . . . . 331 (].]. Haitsma, R.A. Lachmann, and B. Lachmann) VIII Contents Perioperative Complications High Risk Surgical Patients: Why We Should Pre-Optimize ... 341 (B. Vallet, G. Lebuffe, and E. Wiel) Pain Control in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. 8 . . . (S. Brett and U. Waheed) Respiratory Failure Post-Coronary Bypass Surgery ......... 355 (S. Yende and R. Wunderink) Postoperative Respiratory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. 6. . . (G.K. Albaugh and R.P. Dellinger) Myocardial Ischemia or Cardiac Failure: Which Constitutes the Major Perioperative Risk? . . . . . . . . 3.7 7. (P. Older and A. Hall) Cardiac Crises Acute Coronary Syndromes .... . .................... 391 (!.F. Coutts, S. R. Redwood, and A. Rhodes) Pre-Hospital Reperfusion Strategies to Optimize Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 2. . . . . (P. Goldstein) Glucose, Free Fatty Acids, and Insulin Following Acute Myocardial Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 27. . . . . . (H. B. van Wezel and S. W. M. de ]on g) Quantifying Left Ventricular Ejection Effectiveness . . . . . . . 4. 3. 6 (M. R. Pinsky) Cardiogenic Shock ................................ 447 (S.M. Hollenberg) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Inhibition of the Sarcolemmal Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger: A Potential Treatment for Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest .. 461 (R.]. Gazmuri, I.M. Ayoub, and]. Kolarova) Contents IX Immediate Defibrillation for Out-of-hospital Ventricular Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472. . . . . . . . (P. E. Pepe, f. G. Wigginton, and R. L. Fowler) Monitoring Systems Cardiac Output Monitoring: Will New Technologies Replace the Pulmonary Artery Catheter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481. . . . (J.A.L. Pittman and K.f. Gupta) Assessment of Cardiac Preload and Volume Responsiveness using Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 9. 1. . . . (M. Slama and f. L. Teboul) Early Transesophageal Echo Doppler Approach in Trauma: Emergence of a New Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 99. . . . . (0. Richard, f.M. Caussanel, and Y. Lambert) Management of Circulatory and Respiratory Failure Using Less Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 508 (F. Michard and A. Perel) Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 521 (W. T. Peruzzi, R. Gould, and L. Brodsky) Oxygen Availability Microvascular Alterations in Patients with Circulatory Failure 535 (D. De Backer, f. Creteur, and M.f. Dubois) Critical Tissue Oxygen Thresholds for the Induction of Apoptosis in Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 .5 (B. Venkatesh, G. Gobe, and T.f. Morgan) Reflectance Spectrophotometry and Tissue Oxygenation in Experimental and Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 5.3 . (M.P. Buise, f. van Rommel, and C. !nee) The Case for Tissue Base Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 6. 4. . (T.f. Morgan and B. Venkatesh) Clinical Use of Venoarterial PC02 Difference in Septic Shock . 574 (J. L. Teboul and X. Monnet)