Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4053 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen UniversityofDortmund,Germany MadhuSudan MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA MosheY.Vardi RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA GerhardWeikum Max-PlanckInstituteofComputerScience,Saarbruecken,Germany Mitsuru Ikeda Kevin D. Ashley Tak-Wai Chan (Eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems 8th International Conference, ITS 2006 Jhongli, Taiwan, June 26-30, 2006 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors MitsuruIkeda JapanAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology(JAIST) SchoolofKnowledgeScience 1-1,Asahidai,Nomi,Ishikawa,923-1292,Japan E-mail:[email protected] KevinD.Ashley UniversityofPittsburgh LearningResearchandDevelopmentCenter IntelligentSystemsProgramandSchoolofLaw 3939O’HaraStreet,Pittsburgh,PA15260,USA E-mail:[email protected] Tak-WaiChan NationalCentralUniversity GraduateInstituteofNetworkLearningTechnology 300,JhongdaRoad,JhongliCity,TaoyuanCounty32001,Taiwan E-mail:[email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006927186 CRSubjectClassification(1998):K.3,I.2.6,H.5,J.1 LNCSSublibrary:SL2–ProgrammingandSoftwareEngineering ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-35159-0SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-35159-7SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11774303 06/3142 543210 Preface The International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) provides a leading international forum for the dissemination of original results in the de- sign, implementation, and evaluation of intelligent tutoring systems and related areas. The conference draws researchers from a broad spectrum of disciplines rangingfromartificialintelligenceandcognitivescience topedagogyandeduca- tional psychology.ITS 2006 (http://www.its2006.org/),the eighth in this series ofbiennialconferences,tookplaceduringJune26–30,2006attheNationalCen- tral University in Jhongli, Taiwan. Previous ITS conferences have been held in Montreal,Canada(in1988,1992,1996,and2000),SanAntonio,Texas,USA(in 1998),Biarritz,FranceandSanSebastian,Spain(in2002)andMaceio,Alagoas, Brazil (in 2004). The theme of ITS 2006, “Intelligent Tutoring Scales Up!”, raises important issues for the future of ITS research. The conference explored intelligent tutor- ing systems’ increasingreal-worldimpact on a globalscale.Improvedauthoring tools and learning object standards have enabled fielding systems and curricula inreal-worldsettingsonanunprecedentedscale.ResearchershavedeployedITSs in ever larger studies and increasingly have used data from real students, tasks, and settings to guide new research. With high volumes of student interaction data, data mining, and machine learning, tutoring systems are learning from experience and improving their teaching performance. The increasing number of realistic evaluation studies has also broadened researchers’ knowledge about the educational contexts for which ITSs are best suited. At the same time, re- searchers have explored how to expand and improve ITS/student communica- tions, for example, how to achieve more flexible and responsive discourse with students, help students integrate Web resources into learning, use mobile tech- nologies and games to enhance student motivation and learning, and address multicultural perspectives. The full papers and posters presented at ITS 2006 covered a wide range of ITS topics, including adaptive hypermedia, evaluation of instructional systems, learning environments, affect and models of emotion, human factors and inter- facedesign,machinelearninginITS,agent-basedtutoringsystems,instructional design, narratives in learning, natural language and discourse, architectures, instructor networking, pedagogical agents, assessment, intelligent agents, ped- agogical planning, authoring systems, intelligent Web-based learning, situated learning, case-based reasoning systems, intelligent multimedia systems, speech anddialoguesystems,cognitivemodeling,Internetenvironments,studentmodel- ing,collaborativelearning,knowledgeacquisition,virtualreality,digitallearning games, knowledge construction, Web-based training systems, distributed learn- ing environments, knowledge representation, wireless and mobile learning, elec- tronic commerce and learning, and learning companions. VI Preface Thisvolumecomprisesallofthefullpapersandshortpapersassociatedwith posterspresentedatITS2006.These107papershavesurvivedahighlyselective process. Of a total of 202 submissions, the Program Committee selected 67 full papersfororalpresentationand24shortpapersforposter presentation.Alater poster submission process yielded additional poster-related papers for a total of 40. In addition to presentation of papers, ITS 2006 included a panoply of work- shops, tutorials, posters, a student-track session, and invited keynote addresses fromsevendistinguishedscholars:YamSanChee,NationalInstituteofEducation, Singapore; Jim Greer, University of Saskatchewan,Canada; Ulrich Hoppe, Uni- versityofDuisburg-Essen,Germany;Kinshuk,MasseyUniversity,NewZealand; HelenPain,UniversityofEdinburgh,UK;RosalindPicard,MassachusettsInsti- tuteofTechnologyMediaLaboratory,USA;andOvidJ.L.Tzeng,AcademiaSinica, Taiwan. ManypeopleparticipatedinmakingITS2006asuccess.Tak-WaiChan(Na- tional Central University, Taiwan) served as Conference Chair, with Mitsuru Ikeda(Advanced Institute ofScience andTechnology,Japan)andKevinAshley (University of Pittsburgh, USA) as Program Committee Co-chairs. A complete listing follows, but here we would especially like to thank: General Chair Wen- Lian Hsu (Academia Sinica, Taiwan), Local Organization Chair Richard Chih- Hung Lai (National Central University, Taiwan), Workshop Co-chairs Vincent Aleven (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Chen-Chung Liu (National Central University, Taiwan) and Yao-Tin Sung (National Taiwan Normal Uni- versity, Taiwan), Tutorial Co-chairs Oscar Lin (Athabasca University, Canada) and Wu-Yuin Hwang (National Central University, Taiwan), Panel Chair Tak- WaiChan,(NationalCentralUniversity,Taiwan),PosterCo-chairsTsukasaHi- rashima (Osaka University, Japan) and Chih-Yueh Chou (Yuan Ze University, Taiwan)andStudentTrackCo-chairsTanjaMitrovic(UniversityofCanterbury, New Zealand) and Von-Wun Soo (National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan). WethanktheProgramCommitteeandtheExternalReviewersfortheirthought- ful and timely participation in the paper selection process. The members of the Local Organizing Committee at the National Central University, Jhongli, Tai- wan,workedespecially long andhard: Financialand RegistrationChair Jie-Chi Yang,Publicity Co-chairsOscarYang-MingKuand Magi,ExhibitionCo-chairs Emily Ching and Legend Chang, Accommodation Co-chairs Jen-Hang Wang and Amy Yu-Fen Chen, Transportation Chair Zhi-Hong Chen, Website Chair Peter Chang, Technology Support Chair Eric Yu, Business Manager Hsiu-Ling Tsai and Social Event Co-Chairs Tzu-Chien Liu, Yi-Chan Deng, and Andrew Lee (Taipei Municipal Da-Hu Elementary School). As always, the ITS Steering Committee and its Chair, Claude Frasson (University of Montreal, Canada), provided steady guidance. Finally,wegratefullyacknowledgeSpringerforitscontinuingsupportinpub- lishing the proceedings of ITS 2006 and the generous support of the Taiwan- based sponsors of ITS 2006, including the National Science Council, R.O.C., Ministry of Education, R.O.C., Taipei City Government, R.O.C. National Sci- Preface VII ence and Technology Program for e-Learning, and Taiwanese Association for Artificial Intelligence. June 2006 Kevin Ashley and Mitsuru Ikeda Co-chairs, ProgramCommittee Tak-Wai Chan Conference Chair, ITS 2006 Organization Conference Committee Conference Chair: Tak-Wai Chan (National Central University, Taiwan) General Chair: Wen-Lian Hsu (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) ProgramCo-chairs: Kevin Ashley (University of Pittsburgh, USA) Mitsuru Ikeda (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan) Local OrganizationChair: Richard Chih-Hung Lai (National Central University, Taiwan) Workshop Chair: VincentAleven(CarnegieMellonUniversity,USA) Workshop Co-chairs: Chen-Chung Liu (National Central University, Taiwan) Yao-Tin Sung (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) Tutorial Co-chairs: Oscar Lin (Athabasca University, Canada) Wu-Yuin Hwang (National Central University, Taiwan) Panel Chair: Tak-Wai Chan (National Central University, Taiwan) Poster Co-chairs: Tsukasa Hirashima (Osaka University, Japan) Chih-Yueh Chou (Yuan Ze University, Taiwan) Student Track Co-chairs: Tanja Mitrovic (University of Canterbury, New Zealand) Von-Wun Soo (National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan) Financial and Registration Jie-Chi Yang (National Central University, Chair: Taiwan) Publicity Co-chairs: OscarYang-MingKu(NationalCentralUniversity, Taiwan) Magi (National Central University, Taiwan) Exhibition Co-chairs: Emily Ching (National Central University, Taiwan) Legend Chang (National Central University, Taiwan) Accommodation Co-chairs: Jen-Hang Wang (National Central University, Taiwan) Amy Yu-Fen Chen(National Central University, Taiwan) Transportation Chair: Hon Zhi-Hong Chen (National Central University, Taiwan) Website Chair: PeterChang(NationalCentralUniversity,Taiwan) X Organization Technology Support Chair: Eric Yu (National Central University, Taiwan) Business Manager: Hsiu-Ling Tsai (National Central University, Taiwan) Social Event Co-chairs: Tzu-Chien Liu (National Central University, Taiwan) Yi-Chan Deng (National Central University, Taiwan) Andrew Lee (Taipei Municipal Da-Hu Elementary School, Taiwan) Program Committee Mohammed Abdelrazzek (University of Cairo, Egypt) Esma Aimeur (University of Montreal, Canada) Vincent Aleven (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Lora Aroyo (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Netherlands) Nicolas Balacheff (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) Gautam Biswas (Vanderbilt University, USA) Guy Boy (EURISCO, France) Karl Branting (BAE Systems, USA) Bert Bredeweg (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Joost Breuker (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Paul Brna (University of Glasgow,UK) Peter Brusilovsky (University of Pittsburgh, USA) Stefano Cerri (University of Montpellier II, France) Kuo-En Chang (National Normal University, Taiwan) Yam-San Chee (National Institute of Education, Singapore) Nian-shing Chen (National Sum Yat-Sen University, Taiwan) Weiqin Chen (University of Bergen, Norway) Cristina Conati (University of Vancouver, Canada) Evandro Barros Costa (University Federal de Alagoas,Brazil) Vladan Devedzic (University of Belgrade, Serbia) Ben du Boulay (University of Sussex, UK) Isabel Fernandez de Castro (University of the Basque Country, Spain) Claude Frasson (University of Montreal, Canada) Gilles Gauthier (University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada) Khaled Ghedira (ISG, Tunisia) Guy Gouard`eres(University of Pau, France) Art Graesser (University of Memphis, USA) Jim Greer (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) Neil Heffernan (Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA) Tsukasa Hirashima (Hiroshima University, Japan) Ulrich Hoppe (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany) Ronghuai Huang (Beijing Normal University, China) Organization XI Lewis Johnson (University of Southern California, USA) Yong SeKim(CreativeDesignandIntelligentTutoring SystemResearch Center) Ken Koedinger (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Lam-For Kwok (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Fong Lok Lee (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Chee-Kit Looi (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) Rose Luckin (University of Sussex, UK) Gordon McCalla (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) Erica Melis (DFKI, Germany) Tanja Mitrovic (University of Canterbury, New Zealand) Riichiro Mizoguchi (University of Osaka, Japan) Jack Mostow (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Roger Nkambou (University of Quebec, Canada) Toshio Okamoto (Electro-Communications University, Japan) Helen Pain (University of Edinburgh, UK) Ana Paiva (Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal) Fa´bio Paraguau(University Federal de Alagoas, Brazil) Jean-Pierre Pecuchet (INSA of Rouen, France ) Paolo Petta (Research Institute for AI, Austria) Sowmya Ramachandran(Stotler-Henke, Inc., USA ) Carolyn Rose (Carnegie Mellon University, USA ) Khalid Rouane (University of Montreal, Canada ) Timothy Shih (Tamkang University, Taiwan) Amy Soller (Institute for Defense Analyses, USA) Elliot Soloway (University of Michigan, USA) Dan Suthers (University of Hawaii, USA) Pierre Tchounikine (University of Le Mans, France) Gheorge Tecuci (George Mason University, USA) Shian-Shyong Tseng (National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan) Kurt VanLehn (University of Pittsburgh, USA) Julita Vassileva (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) Rosa Maria Viccari (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Beverly Woolf (University of Massachussets, USA) Kalina Yacef (University of Sydney, Austrlia) David Yang (National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan) Steering Committee Chair Claude Frasson (University of Montreal, Canada) Steering Committee Stefano Cerri (University of Montpellier II, France) Isabel Fernandez-Castro (University of the Basque Country, Spain) XII Organization Gilles Gauthier (University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada) Guy Gouardres (University of Pau, France) Mitsuru Ikeda (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan) Marc Kaltenbach (Bishops University, Canada) Judith Kay (University of Sidney, Australia) Alan Lesgold (University of Pittsburgh, USA) Elliot Soloway (University of Michigan, USA) Daniel Suthers (University of Hawaii, USA) Beverly Woolf (University of Massachussets, USA) Referees M.R. Abdel T. Dragon N.V. Labeke E. A¨ımeur I. Fernandez-Castro H.C. Lane V. Aleven C. Frasson F. Lee I.M. Alexandre G. Gauthier J. Lee M. Anwar J.C. Gluz Dr.K. Leelawong I. Arroyo J. Good B. Lefebvre K. Ashley V. Goodkovsky R. Luckin R. Baker G. Gouarderes A. Lum C. Beal S. Gouarderes H. Maclaren K. Binsted A. Graesser N. Matsuda G. Biswas J. Greer G. McCalla E. Blanchard R. Guizzardi E. Melis B. Boulay H.H. Ulrich A. Mitrovic A. Bouwer A. Harrer R. Mizoguchi G. Boy N. Heffernan R. Morales K. Branting T. Hirashima J. Mostow B. Bredeweg R. Huang K. Muldner J. Breuker G. Hwang R.C. Murray P. Brna M. Ikeda J. Nicaud C. Brooks H. IP R. Nkambou P. Brusilovsky P. Jaques G. Nobrega S.A. Cerri J. Johns T. Okamoto S. Chaffar W.L. Johnson H. Pain K.E. Chang J. Jovanovic A. Paiva Y.S. Chee T. Kasai F. Paraguau N. Chen A. Kashihara D. Pearce W. Chen Y.S. Kim J. Pecuchet X. Cheng K. Koedinger J. Pelle-tchetagni M. Constantino S.C. Kong P. Petta E. Costa T. Konishi N. Pinkwart C. Cristina L. Kwok K. Porayska-Pomsta V. Devedzic J. Labat R. Prada