Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1452 Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Barry P. Goettl Henry M. Halff Carol L. Redfield Valerie J. Shute (Eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems 4th International Conference, ITS '98 San Antonio, Texas, USA, August 16-19, 1998 Proceedings Springer Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, NY, USA Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Volume Editors Barry P. Goettl Valerie J. Shute Air Force Research Laboratory 1880 Carswell Avenue, Lackland, AFB, TX 78236-5507, USA E-mail: {bgoettl.vshute} @colab.brooks.af.mil Henry M. Halff Mei Technology Corporation 8930 Fourwinds Drive, #450, San Antonio, TX 78239, USA E-mail: [email protected] Carol L. Redfield Computer Science Department, St. Mary's University 1 Camino Santa Maria, San Antonio, TX 78228-8524, USA E-mail: [email protected] Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliotbek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Intelligent tutoring systems : 4th international conference ; proceedings / ITS '98, San Antonio, Texas, USA, August 16 - 19, 1998. Barry P. Goettl ... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1998 (Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 1452) ISBN 3-540-64770-8 CR Subject Classification (1991): K.3,1.2, D.2, H.5, J.I ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-64770-8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author SPIN 10638198 06/3142-5 4 3 2 10 Printed on acid-free paper Preface The first International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) was held ten years ago in Montreal (ITS ’88). It was so well-received by the international community that the organizers decided to do it again in Montreal four years later, in 1992, and then again in 1996. ITS ’98 differs from the previous ones in that this is the first time the conference has been held outside of Montreal, and it’s only been two years (not four) since the last one. One interesting aspect of the ITS conferences is that they are not explicitly bound to some organization (e.g., IEEE or AACE). Rather, the founder of these conferences, Claude Frasson, started them as a means to congregate researchers actively involved in the ITS field and provide a forum for presentation and debate of the most currently challenging issues. Thus the unifying theme is science. This year’s “hot topics” differ from those in the earlier ITS conferences as they reflect ever-changing trends in ITS research. A few of the issues being examined at ITS ’98 include: Web-based tutoring systems, deploying ITS in the real world, tutoring and authoring tools, architectures, and knowledge structure and representation. In addition to representing a wide range of topics, ITS ’98 is bringing together researchers from all over the world - Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Philippines, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, United States, Yugoslavia, and Texas (it’s a country, right?). Overall, ITS ’98 embodies 60 paper presentations, 25 poster sessions, 5 panels, and over 10 exhibits. Moreover, we’ve scheduled 4 workshops by well - known researchers (for August 16), 5 invited presentations from ITS notables (occurring throughout the conference), and various bonus activities, all with a special San Antonio flavor. Some of these include a bus tour of the city, the welcoming reception at the conference hotel, and a river barge ride along the San Antonio River (beside the world-renowned Riverwalk). Attendees may also visit the TRAIN Lab (home to a lot of ITS research) and attend the conference banquet, consisting of a Mariachi band, margaritas, and a huge Tex/Mex buffet. The logistics involved with organizing a conference of this kind are non - trivial (for those who have not had the pleasure to do so before). However, we’ve been able to expedite large parts of the process by maximally exploiting computer technology - electronically handling advertising, submission and receipt of papers, registration, and so on. Many people have contributed to making the conference and proceedings reach fruition. First, we thank Claude Frasson for allowing us to host this conference. Second, we gratefully acknowledge the considerable contributions by the program chairs, Henry Halff and Barry Goettl, as well as the entire program committee. Third, we are indebted to the local organizing committee and production volunteers for their tireless efforts. Finally, we thank the different supporting organizations (AAAI, International AIED, SIGART and SIGCUE) as well as the sponsors of the conference (AFRL, Mei Technology, St. Mary’s University, Galaxy Scientific, Command Technologies, and University of Texas at San Antonio). VI If you are attending the conference, you’ll find countless sources of stimulation. In addition to learning about the state of the art in ITS research, be sure to allot some time to cruise the Riverwalk, visit the Alamo (right across the street from the hotel), perhaps even venture into the Hill Country, visit Sea World, or cross the border into Mexico. Whatever your interests, the hotel office at the conference will be open and staffed much of the four days. Please feel free to stop in with any questions. A hot time is guaranteed! Carol Redfield San Antonio, Texas Val Shute May, 1998 ITS ‘98 Conference Chairs Conference Chairs Carol Redfield (St. Mary’s University, USA) Valerie Shute (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Program Committee Chairs Henry Halff (Mei Technology Corp., USA) Barry Goettl (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Program Committee Esma Aimeur (Université de Montréal, Canada) Michael Baker (Université Lumiere Lyon, France) Ben du Boulay (University of Sussex, UK) Paul Brna (University of Leeds, UK) Peter Brusilovsky (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Stephano Cerri (University of Milano, Italy) Albert Corbett (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Sharon Derry (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) Isabel Fernandez de Castro (UPV/EHU, Spain) Claude Frasson (Université de Montréal, Canada) Guy Gouardères (Université de Pau, France) Monique Grandbastien (Université de Nancy, France) Jim Greer (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) Ellen Hall (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Daniele Herin (LIRMM, Université Monpellier, France) Martin Ippel (Air Force Research Laboratory, via Leiden Univ., The Netherlands) Lewis Johnson (University of Southern California, USA) Sandra Katz (University of Pittsburgh, USA) Ken Koedinger (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Pat Kyllonen (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Susanne Lajoie (McGill University, Canada) Alan Lesgold (Learning Research and Development Center, USA) Looi Chee-Kit (Information Technology Institute, Japan) Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University, Japan) Claus Moebus (University of Oldenburg, Germany) Jean Francois Nicaud (Université de Nantes, France) Gilbert Paquette, Teleuniversité, Canada) Vimla Patel (McGill University, Canada) Valery Petrushin (Andersen Consulting, USA) Carol Redfield (St. Mary’s University, USA) Brian Reiser (Northwestern University, USA) Kurt Rowley (Command Technologies, USA) Valerie Shute (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Daniel Suthers (Learning Research and Development Center, USA) Lisa Torreano (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) VIII Greg Trafton (Naval Research Laboratory, USA) Kurt VanLehn (Learning Research and Development Center, USA) Julita Vassileva (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) Bev Woolf (University of Massachusetts, USA) Barbara White (University of California-Berkeley, USA) ITS Steering Committee Stephano Cerri (University of Milano, Italy) Claude Frasson (Université de Montréal, Canada) Gilles Gauthier (Université de Québec à Montréal, Canada) Guy Gouardères (Université de Pau, France) Marc Kaltenbach (Bishop’s University, Canada) Judith Kay (University of Sydney, Australia) Alan Lesgold (Learning Research and Development Center, USA) Vimla Patel (McGill University, Canada) Elliot Soloway (University of Michigan, USA) Daniel Suthers (Learning Research and Development Center, USA) Beverly Woolf (University of Massachusetts, USA) Panels Chair Pat Kyllonen (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Exhibits Chairs Kurt Rowley (Command Technologies, USA) Donna Locke (Galaxy Scientific, USA) Workshops Chair Cathy Connolly (Galaxy Scientific, USA) Publicity Chairs Kevin Kline (Galaxy Scientific, USA) Cathy Connolly (Galaxy Scientific, USA) Conference Treasurer & Local Arrangements Carol Redfield (St. Mary’s University, USA) Registration Chair Doug Hall (St. Mary’s University, USA) IX Production Volunteer Coordinator Tom Bylander (University of Texas at San Antonio, USA) Webpage Design Val Shute (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA) Art and Brochure Coordinators Denise Morelen Lisa Torreano External Reviewers M.A. Alberti R. Hill V. Prince L. Alem T. Hirashima D. Py V. Aleven K. Hook H.C. Quek A. Arruarte-Lasa P. Hsieh A. Ram R. Azevedo R. Hubscher S. Ritter M. Baron M. Ikeda J. Sandberg J. Beck M. Joab J. Self B. Bell A. Kashihara M. Sharples M.-F. Canut D. Kaufman K. Sinitsa P. Chan A. Kushniruk M. Stern D. Christinaz J.-M. Labat B. Tirre P.J. Coppock P. Leroux S. Trickett C. Dede J. Lester L. Trilling E. Delozanne R. Lucklin Y. Tsybenko C. Desmoulins C. Mallen M. Urretavizcaya A. Diaz de Llarraza T. Mengelle K. van Putten H. Dufort D. Metzler F. Verdejo C. Eliot A. Munro M. Vivet E. Gibson T. Murray B. Wenzel J. Girard J. Nanard K. Williams L. Gugerty M. Nanard R. Willis H. Halff H. Narayanan R. Winkels C. Hall T. Nodenot L.H. Wong H. Hamburger F. Pachet D. Wortham N. Heffernan H. Pain Table of Contents Invited Presentations Instructional Applications of ACT: Past, Present, and Future’ ........................ 1 J.R. Anderson (Abstract) Teaching Expertise and Learning Environments’ ............................................ 2 M. Grandbastien (Abstract) Hanging by Two Threads: The Evolution of Intelligent Tutoring Systems Research .......................................................................................................... 3 J. Self (Abstract) My Knowledge of Knowledge ........................................................................ 4 V.J. Shute (Abstract) Cognitive Tools to Support Discovery Learning ............................................ 5 W.R. van Joolingen (Abstract) Architectures for ITS Using a Learning Agent with a Student Model ............................................... 6 J.E. Beck, B. Park Woolf Model-Based Explanations in Simulation-Based Training ........................... 16 T.M. Khan, S.J. Paul, K.E. Brown, and R.R. Leitch Towards an Intelligent Tutoring System for Situation Awareness Training in Complex, Dynamic Environments ............................................................. 26 E.J. Bass Embedded Training for Complex Information Systems ................................. 36 B.A. Cheikes, M. Geier, R. Hyland, F. Linton, L. Rodi, and H.-P. Schaefer Macro-Definitions, a Basic Component for Interoperability between ILEs at the Knowledge Level: Application to Geometry ................................. 46 M. Macrelle, C. Desmoulins Modelling the Knowledge-Based Components of a Learning Environment within the Task/Method Paradigm .................................................................. 56 C. Choquet, F. Danna, P. Tchounikine, and F. Trichet