INTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN BRITAIN AND THE US MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd ii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 In memory of M. R. D. Foot (1919–2012), SOE Historian MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd iiii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 INTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN BRITAIN AND THE US Historiography since 1945 Edited by Christopher R. Moran and Christopher J. Murphy MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd iiiiii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 © editorial matter and organisation Christopher R. Moran and Christopher J. Murphy, 2013 © the chapters their several authors, 2013 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 10.5/13 Minion by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 4627 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 7756 6 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 7758 0 (epub) ISBN 978 0 7486 7757 3 (Amazon ebook) Th e right of the contributors to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd iivv 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 CONTENTS Th e Editors vii Th e Contributors viii List of Figures xiii Preface by Rhodri Jeff reys-Jones xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction: Intelligence Studies Now and Th en 1 Christopher R. Moran and Christopher J. Murphy PART I AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE HISTORIOGRAPHY 1 CIA History as a Cold War Battleground: Th e Forgotten First Wave of Agency Narratives 19 Richard J. Aldrich 2 Th e Culture of Funding Culture: Th e CIA and the Congress for Cultural Freedom 47 Eric Pullin 3 ‘Real Substance, Not Just Symbolism’? Th e CIA and the Representation of Covert Operations in the Foreign Relations of the United States Series 65 Matthew Jones and Paul McGarr 4 Bonum Ex Malo: Th e Value of Legacy of Ashes in Teaching CIA History 90 Nicholas Dujmovic 5 Narrating Covert Action: Th e CIA, Historiography and the Cold War 111 Kaeten Mistry MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd vv 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 vi Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US 6 FBI Historiography: From Leader to Organisation 129 Melissa Graves 7 Reconceiving Realism: Intelligence Historians and the Fact/Fiction Dichotomy 146 Simon Willmetts 8 Th e Reality is Stranger than Fiction: Anglo-American Intelligence Cooperation from World War II through the Cold War 172 Frederick P. Hitz PART II BRITISH INTELLIGENCE HISTORIOGRAPHY 9 A Plain Tale of Pundits, Players and Professionals: Th e Historiography of the Great Game 183 Robert Johnson 10 No Cloaks, No Daggers: Th e Historiography of British Military Intelligence 202 Jim Beach 11 Th e Study of Interrogation: A Focus on Torture, But What About the Intelligence? 222 Samantha Newbery 12 Whitehall, Intelligence and Offi cial History: Editing SOE in France 236 Christopher J. Murphy 13 A Tale of Torture? Alexander Scotland, Th e London Cage and Post- War British Secrecy 251 Daniel W. B. Lomas 14 1968 – ‘A Year to Remember’ for the Study of British Intelligence? 263 Adam D. M. Svendsen 15 Th eir Trade is Treachery: A Retrospective 281 Chapman Pincher 16 Intelligence and ‘Offi cial History’ 289 Christopher Baxter and Keith Jeff ery Index 304 MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd vvii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 THE EDITORS Christopher R. Moran is an Assistant Professor of US National Security in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. He is also a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow. Previously, he was a Research Assistant on the AHRC-funded project ‘Landscapes of Secrecy: Th e CIA and the Contested Record of US Foreign Policy’. In 2011, he was a Kluge Fellow at the Library of Congress. He is the author of Classifi ed: Secrecy and the State in Modern Britain (2012) and has published articles in International History Review, Journal of Cold War Studies and Intelligence and National Security. Christopher J. Murphy is a Lecturer in Intelligence in the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences at the University of Salford and Programme Leader for the MA in Intelligence and Security Studies. He is the author of Security and Special Operations: SOE and MI5 during the Second World War (2006) and has published articles in Public Policy and Administration, Journal of Contemporary History and Th e Historical Journal. vii MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd vviiii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 THE CONTRIBUTORS Richard J. Aldrich is Director of the Institute of Advanced Study at the University of Warwick and is the author of several books, including Th e Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2001) and GCHQ: Th e Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency (2010). He has spent time in Canberra and Ottawa as a Leverhulme Fellow, while working on a study of the impact of globalisation upon intelligence services. Since September 2008, he has been leading a project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, entitled: ‘Landscapes of Secrecy: Th e Central Intelligence Agency and the Contested Record of US Foreign Policy’. Christopher Baxter is an Honorary Lecturer in Intelligence History at Queen’s University, Belfast. He is the author of Th e Great Power Struggle in East Asia, 1944–50 (2009) and co-editor of Diplomats at War: British and Commonwealth Diplomacy in Wartime (2008). Jim Beach is Senior Lecturer in Twentieth Century History at the University of Northampton. He has published a number of articles on British military history during the First World War. He is Secretary of the Army Records Society and has edited Th e Military Papers of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Cuthbert Headlam, 1910–1942. Nicholas Dujmovic is a member of the CIA History Staff . He joined the CIA in 1990 as an analyst and later served as a speech writer for the Director of Central Intelligence, editor of the President’s Daily Brief and a manager of analysts. He received his PhD in 1996 from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tuft s University. His unclassifi ed work on Agency operations and culture has appeared in the Journal of Military History, Studies in Intelligence and Intelligence and National Security. In 2004, Yale University published his collec- tion of quotations on intelligence and espionage, Th e Literary Spy. viii MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd vviiiiii 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233 Th e Contributors ix Melissa Graves serves as project coordinator and instructor at the University of Mississippi’s (UM) Center for Intelligence and Security Studies. She helped design and implement the Days of Intrigue – a realistic practical exercise con- ducted yearly at UM, involving participation from numerous intelligence agen- cies. She is also co-author of the textbook Introduction to Intelligence Studies (2012). She is presently pursuing a PhD in history. Ms Graves has been admitted to the Bars of Texas and Washington. Frederick P. Hitz is an Adjunct Professor at the Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia. He is also a Senior Fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law and an adjunct Professor at the University of Virginia, School of Law. From 1998 to 2006, he was a lecturer at the Woodrow Wilson School of Princeton University and, from 1999 to 2000, he held the Weinberg/Goldman Sachs Professorship of International Aff airs. From 1967 to 1998, he served extensively in the CIA in the Clandestine Service, as Legislative Counsel to the Director of Central Intelligence and as Deputy Director for Europe in the Directorate of Operations. He was appointed the fi rst statutory Inspector General of the CIA by President George H. W. Bush and served in that capacity from 1990 to 1998, when he retired. He was awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal in 1998 and received a Resolution of Commendation from the US Senate upon the fi ft h anniversary of his tenure as Inspector General in 1995. Among the many investigations he led at the CIA was the Aldrich Ames betrayal. He has written extensively about espionage and intelligence issues, including Th e Great Game: Th e Myth and Reality of Espionage (2004) and Why Spy? Espionage in an Era of Uncertainty (2008). He is a graduate of Harvard Law School and Princeton University. Keith Jeff ery is Professor of British History at Queen’s University, Belfast, and a Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Among his books are Ireland and the Great War (2000), Th e GPO and the Easter Rising (2006), Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier (2008) and MI6: Th e History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949 (2011). Rhodri Jeff reys-Jones took his history PhD at Cambridge University. He is an Emeritus Professor of history at the University of Edinburgh and honorary president of the Scottish Association for the Study of America. His publications are evenly divided between American history and the history of intelligence. Th ey include Th e CIA and American Democracy (1989) and Th e FBI: A History (2007). His next books will be Th e American Left : Its Impact on Politics and Society Since MMOORRAANN 99778800774488664466227722 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd iixx 2211//0022//22001133 0088::2233