Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Haneen Khreis Editors Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning A Framework Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning Mark Nieuwenhuijsen • Haneen Khreis Editors Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning A Framework Editors Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Haneen Khreis Barcelona Institute for Global Health Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Center ISGlobal for Advancing Research in Transportation Barcelona, Spain Emissions, Energy, and Health College Station, TX, USA ISBN 978-3-319-74982-2 ISBN 978-3-319-74983-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942501 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The world is urbanising rapidly and cities are not only centres of innovation and wealth creation but also hot spots of air pollution and noise, heat islands and lack green space and physical activity, partly due to poor urban and transport planning. Recent studies show large impacts from urban and transport planning on health, and urgent action is needed to reduce these negative health impacts. The urban environment is a complex interlinked system. Decision-makers need not only better data on the complexity of factors in environmental and developmental pro- cesses affecting human health, but also an enhanced understanding of the linkages between these factors and effects to be able to know at which level to target their actions most effectively. In recent years, there also has been a shift from trying to change at the national level to more comprehensive and ambitious actions being devel- oped and implemented at the regional and local levels. Cities have come to the fore- front of providing solutions for environmental issues such as climate change, which has co-benefits on health, but yet need better knowledge for wider health-c entric action. This volume brings together the world’s leading experts on urban and transport planning, environmental exposures, physical activity, health and health impact assessment to discuss challenges and solutions in cities and provide a conceptual framework and work programme for actions and future research needs. It presents the current evidence base, benefits and case studies of better integrating health and the environment into urban development and transport planning, a conceptual framework describing this, and strategies for future action and research. Barcelona, Spain Mark Nieuwenhuijsen College Station, TX, USA Haneen Khreis v Contents Part I Introduction and Key Concepts 1 Urban and Transport Planning, Environment and Health ................. 3 Mark Nieuwenhuijsen and Haneen Khreis 2 Health, Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda ................................................................... 17 Joan Clos and Rosa Surinach 3 Sustainable Cities, Policies and Healthy Cities .................................... 31 Garett Sansom and Kent E. Portney 4 Livable Cities: Concepts and Role in Improving Health ..................... 51 Suzanne H. Crowhurst Lennard 5 Healthy Cities: A Political Movement Which Empowered Local Governments to Put Health and Equity High on Their Agenda ......... 73 Agis D. Tsouros 6 Human Ecology in the Context of Urbanisation .................................. 89 Roderick J. Lawrence Part II Planning and Development 7 The Human Habitat: My, Our, and Everyone’s City ........................... 113 Bianca Hermansen, Bettina Werner, Hilde Evensmo, and Michela Nota 8 Superblocks for the Design of New Cities and Renovation of Existing Ones: Barcelona’s Case ....................................................... 135 Salvador Rueda vii viii Contents 9 Informal Settlements and Human Health ............................................. 155 Jason Corburn and Alice Sverdlik 10 Complex Systems Modeling of Urban Development: Understanding the Determinants of Health and Growth Across Scales ............................................................................................ 173 Luís M. A. Bettencourt 11 Implementing Car-Free Cities: Rationale, Requirements, Barriers and Facilitators ........................................................................ 199 Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Jeroen Bastiaanssen, Stephanie Sersli, E. Owen D. Waygood, and Haneen Khreis 12 Planning for Healthy Cities .................................................................... 221 Marcus Grant Part III Accessibility and Mobility 13 Land Use Policy, Travel Behavior, and Health ..................................... 253 Bert van Wee 14 Complex Urban Systems: Compact Cities, Transport and Health..... 271 Mark Stevenson and Brendan Gleeson 15 Advancing Health Considerations Within a Sustainable Transportation Agenda: Using Indicators and Decision-Making ...... 287 Josias Zietsman and Tara Ramani 16 Measure Selection for Urban Transport Policy .................................... 307 Anthony D. May 17 (Un)healthy Bodies and the Transport Planning Profession: The (Im)mobile Social Construction of Reality and Its Consequences .............................................................................. 325 António Ferreira Part IV E nvironmental Exposures, Physical Activity and Health 18 Built Environment and Physical Activity .............................................. 347 Billie Giles-Corti, Lucy Gunn, Paula Hooper, Claire Boulange, Belén Zapata Diomedi, Chris Pettit, and Sarah Foster 19 Urban Form and Road Safety: Public and Active Transport Enable High Levels of Road Safety ....................................................... 383 Paul Schepers, Gord Lovegrove, and Marco Helbich 20 Green Space and Health ......................................................................... 409 Payam Dadvand and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Contents ix 21 Air Pollution in Cities: Urban and Transport Planning Determinants and Health in Cities ........................................................ 425 Barbara Hoffmann 22 Noise in Cities: Urban and Transport Planning Determinants and Health in Cities ................................................................................ 443 Peter Lercher 23 Heat Islands/Temperature in Cities: Urban and Transport Planning Determinants and Health in Cities ........................................ 483 Xavier Basagaña Part V Society and Participation 24 Aiming at Social Cohesion in Cities to Transform Society .................. 501 Mikael Stigendal 25 Establishing Social Equity in Cities: A Health Perspective ................. 515 Carme Borrell, Mercè Gotsens, and Ana M. Novoa 26 Participating in Health: The Healthy Outcomes of Citizen Participation in Urban and Transport Planning .................................. 535 Ersilia Verlinghieri 27 On the Front Line of Community-Led Air Quality Monitoring ......... 563 Muki Haklay and Irene Eleta Part VI Health Impact Assessment and Policies 28 Transport Policy Measures for Climate Change as Drivers for Health in Cities .................................................................................. 583 Haneen Khreis, Andrew Sudmant, Andy Gouldson, and Mark Nieuwenhuijsen 29 The Role of Health Impact Assessment for Shaping Policies and Making Cities Healthier .................................................................. 609 Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Haneen Khreis, Ersilia Verlinghieri, Natalie Mueller, and David Rojas-Rueda 30 Health Impact Assessment of Active Transportation .......................... 625 David Rojas-Rueda 31 Barriers and Enablers of Integrating Health Evidence into Transport and Urban Planning and Decision Making ................. 641 Rosie Riley and Audrey de Nazelle 32 Translating Evidence into Practice ........................................................ 655 Marcus Grant and Adrian Davis x Contents 33 Using Conceptual Models to Shape Healthy Sustainable Cities .................................................................................... 683 George Morris, Brigit Staatsen, and Nina van der Vliet 34 Integrating Human Health into the Urban Development and Transport Planning Agenda: A Summary and Final Conclusions............................................................................. 707 Mark Nieuwenhuijsen and Haneen Khreis Index ................................................................................................................. 719 Part I Introduction and Key Concepts