Integrated Pest Management Principles and Practice This page intentionally left blank Integrated Pest Management Principles and Practice Edited by Dharam P. Abrol and Uma Shankar Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Integrated pest management : principles and practice / [edited by] Dharam P. Abrol and Uma Shankar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-808-6 (hardback) 1. Pests--Integrated control. 2. Agricultural pests--Integrated control. I. Abrol, D. P. II. Shankar, Uma, 1971- SB950I4578 2012 632'.95--dc23 2011052972 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 8086 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Editorial assistant: Gwenan Spearing Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Typeset by Columns Design XML Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1 History, Overview and Principles of Ecologically-based Pest Management 1 Dharam P. Abrol and Uma Shankar 2 Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture 27 Gary Fitt and Lewis Wilson 3 Pest Monitoring and Forecasting 41 Yenumula G. Prasad and Mathyam Prabhakar 4 Augmentation and Conservation of Natural Enemies 58 David Orr and Aaron Fox 5 Biotechnological and Molecular Approaches in the Management of Pests and Diseases of Crop Plants 92 Subbarayalu Mohankumar, Natarajan Balakrishnan and Ramasamy Samiyappan 6 Botanicals in Pest Management 119 Catherine Regnault-Roger 7 Biopesticides in Ecologically-based Integrated Pest Management 133 Parvez Q. Rizvi, Syed K. Ahmad, Rummana A. Choudhury and Arshad Ali 8 Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Tools in Integrated Pest Management 162 Parwinder S. Grewal 9 Microbial Control of Crop Pests using Entomopathogenic Fungi 237 Houping Liu v vi Contents 10 Microbial Control of Crop Pests using Insect Viruses 281 Karolin E. Eberle, Johannes A. Jehle and Jürg Huber 11 Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens: Four Decades On 299 Robert W. Barreto, Carol A. Ellison, Marion K. Seier and Harry C. Evans 12 Virus- and Bacteria-transmitting Arthropod Vectors and their Management 351 Phyllis G. Weintraub 13 Effect of Pesticides on Non-target Sites with Reference to Soil Ecosystems 370 Ashok K. Bhat 14 Integrated Pest Management in Stored Grains 386 Uma Shankar and Dharam P. Abrol 15 Role of Integrated Pest Management in Food and Nutritional Security 408 Uma Shankar and Dharam P. Abrol 16 Role of Information and Communication Technology in Integrated Pest Management 433 Zuo-Rui Shen, Deng-Fa Cheng, Yun-Hui Zhang , Ling-Wang Gao 17 From Integrated Pest Management to Ecosystem Management: the Case of Urban Lawn 450 Parwinder S. Grewal Index 489 Contributors Dharam P. Abrol, Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Main Campus Chatha, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, India; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Syed K. Ahmad, Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India Arshad Ali, Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India Natarajan Balakrishnan, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India Robert W. Barreto, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; E-mail: [email protected] Ashok K. Bhat, Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu180009, India; E-mail: [email protected] Deng-Fa Cheng, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuan-ming-yuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China; E-mail: [email protected] Rummana A. Choudhury, Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India Karolin E. Eberle, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt 62487, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] Carol A. Ellison, CAB International, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Harry C. Evans, CAB International, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Gary Fitt, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Cotton CRC, Australian Cotton Research Institute, Narrabri, Australia; E-mail: gary.fi [email protected] Aaron Fox, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7631, USA Ling-Wang Gao, IPMist Laboratory, Entomology Department, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu Road, Beijing 100193, PR China; E-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Parwinder S. Grewal, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Jürg Huber, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt 62487, Germany; E-mail: juerg. [email protected] Johannes A. Jehle, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt 62487, Germany Houping Liu, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Subbarayalu Mohankumar, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India; E-mail: smohankumar65@ yahoo.com David Orr, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Mathyam Prabhakar, Division of Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculure, Satoshnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 059, India Yenumula G. Prasad, Division of Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Satoshnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 059, India; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Catherine Regnault-Roger, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR UPPA CNRS 5254/IPREM-EEM, IBEAS- BP 1155-64013 Pau Cedex, France; E-mail : catherine. [email protected] Parvez Q. Rizvi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail: [email protected] Ramasamy Samiyappan, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India Marion K. Seier, CAB International, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Uma Shankar, Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Main Campus Chatha Sher- e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, India; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Zuo-Rui Shen, IPMist Laboratory, Department Entomology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu Road, Beijing 100193, PR China; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Phyllis G. Weintraub, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, D.N. Negev, 85280, Israel; E-mail: [email protected] Lewis Wilson, CSIRO Plant Industry and Australian Cotton CRC, Australian Cotton Research Institute, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia; E-mail: [email protected] Yun-Hui Zhang, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuan-ming-yuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China; E-mail: [email protected] Preface In the 21st century, mankind is confronted with the Herculean task of providing food and environmental security to a burgeoning population, particularly in developing countries. In India, the population is growing at an alarming rate of around 2.5%/year. This makes it necessary that food grain production should also increase at the same rate or even faster. This has necessitated accelerated efforts on the part of agricultural scientists to develop high-yielding production technology and intensifi cation in crop production practices. Their efforts have resulted in the development of high-yielding cultivars coupled with other components of crop production technology. Consequently, a boost in food grain as well as vegetables, fruit and fi bre crop production has occurred. A signifi cant rise in food grain production alone was recorded from 50 million t in the 1950s to more than 230 million t in 2008–2009. Even with this increase in food grain production, farmers were not able to realise the full potential of crop yield, one of the reasons being the heavy losses caused by insect and other arthropod pests. Traditional methods of crop production and protection became untenable with the introduction of new cultivars and the development of organic synthetic insecticides. The use of these insecticides became increasingly popular with farmers because of the spectacular results and easy method of application under different sets of conditions. The widespread use of insecticides, for longer periods and over a larger acreage, however, was not free from limitations. The development of insecticide resistant, resurgence, elevation of secondary pests to a status of primary importance, deleterious effects on non-target organisms, pollution of the environment and rising costs of application are all associated with the use of synthetic organic insecticides. This has necessitated a change in the concept and practice of pest control, if it is to contribute positively. During the last four decades, substantial information has accumulated to suggest that pest control must be extended beyond any single method to a system based on the principles of applied ecology. The emphasis at present is to promote a new paradigm to be: (i) safe for growers, farm workers and consumers; (ii) cost-effective and easy to adopt and integrate with other production practices; (iii) sustainable in the long term and without adverse environmental, economic and social consequences; and (iv) with ecosystems as the ecological focus. The availability of modern tools and transgenic crop protection technology has opened new vistas in the vast fi eld of pest management. All these issues form the focus of this book, where they have been discussed by eminent scientists who are authorities in their respective fi elds. This book is an endeavour to cover integrated pest management (IPM) from multidisciplinary, multicountry and multifaceted components in ix