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Point your browser to: http://www.chaphall.com or http://www.chaphall.com/chaphall/electeng.html for El ectrica I Engineering As ervice of I(j)P INTEGRATED M/E DESIGN BUILDING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ANIL AHUJA Chief engineer, Building Systems, Mechanical and Electrical, The Austin Company Des Plains, IL m SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Copyright © 1997 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1997 AII rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon maybe reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including phJtocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems -without the written permission of the publisher. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 01 00 99 98 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ahuja, Anii. Integrated mechanical/electrical design: building systems engineering I Anii Ahuja. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4419-4724-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-5514-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5514-5 1. Buildings--Mechanical equipment. 2. Buildings--Electrical equipment 3. Systems engineering. 1. Title. TH6010.A58 1996 696--dc20 96-26709 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Pubication Data available "Integrated MIE Design: BUllding Systems Engineering" is intended to present technically accurate and authoritative informatian fram highlyl regarded sources. The publisher, editors, authors, advisors, and contributors have made every reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy of the information, but cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy 01 aii informatian or for the unsequences of its use. Contents Preface Xl Building Systems Engineering 1.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering 1.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering Historical Perspective 4 1.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems 5 2 Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Basics of Radiation 11 2.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere 15 2.4 Radiation Balance 16 2.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo 17 2.6 Ozone Layer 20 2.7 The "Greenhouse" Effect 21 3 Basic Building Systems 23 3.1 The Lighting System 24 3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Definitions 27 3.1.2 Lamps 28 3.1.3 Ballasts 29 3.1.4 Luminaires 31 3.1.5 Lighting and Energy 33 3.2 Power Systems 33 3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 42 3.4 Security Systems 52 v vi I Contents 3.5 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings 54 3.5.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems 54 3.6 MIE Equipment Arrangement 54 3.7 Building Systems Distribution Tree 63 3.7.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation 66 4 Integration of Mother Nature and Building Systems 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 The Atmosphere Surrounding Buildings 69 4.3 Winds Surrounding Buildings 72 4.4 The Building Envelope 73 4.4.1 Passive Environmental Systems 74 4.5 Integration of the Atmosphere and Building Systems 75 4.6 Energy Resources and Buildings 79 5 Integration of Solar Power and Building Systems 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Obstacles 84 5.3 Active Solar System 85 5.3.1 Components 85 5.3.2 Salient Design Features 85 5.4 Building System Applications 87 6 Integration of Day lighting and Building Lighting 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Lighting Integration Issues 90 6.3 Daylighting and Shading Materials 91 6.4 Basic Calculations for Day lighting 92 6.5 Design Considerations for Day lighting 95 6.6 Integrated Daylighting System Control 97 7 Earth, Lakes, and Building Systems 98 7.1 Geothermal Energy 98 7 .1.1 Introduction to Geothermal Systems 99 7 .1.2 Applications in Building Systems 99 7.1.3 Components of Geothermal Systems 100 7.2 Thermocline Lakes 102 7.2.1 Introduction 102 7.2.2 Application and Components in Building Systems 103 8 Energy Storage 105 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Thermal Storage 106 Contents I vii 8.2.1 Applications and Requirements 106 8.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage 108 8.2.3 Water Thermal Storage 109 8.2.4 Latent Heat Storage 110 8.2.5 Ice Storage 110 8.2.6 System Configurations 112 8.3 Electrochemical Storage 112 8.3.1 Batteries 115 8.3.2 Battery Design and Types 116 8.3.3 Fuel Cells 118 8.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Efficiency 119 8.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage 120 8.4.1 Inductors 121 8.4.2 Capacitors 122 8.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells) 122 9 Integrated Building Systems Engineering 125 9.1 Issues and Problems 125 9.2 Integration Issue or Problem Solution 126 9.3 Building System Project Constraints 127 9.4 Cost Issues and Constraints 129 9.5 Energy Problems and Interpretation of Issues 131 9.5.1 Power Budgets 133 9.6 Load Analysis 134 9.7 Integrated Design Steps 136 9.7.1 Evaluation Stage 139 10 Trends, Recent Shifts, and Some Challenges 140 10.1 Digital Computers as Design Tools 141 10.2 Computers and Integrated System Simulation 142 10.2.1 Building Energy Simulation 142 10.2.2 System Simulation Techniques 143 10.2.3 Equipment Selection and Simulation 144 10.3 Computer Graphics and Modeling 146 10.4 Communication and Artificial Intelligence 146 10.4.1 Applications of Artificial Intelligence 147 11 Acoustics, Vibrations and Integrated Building Systems 149 11.1 Introduction 149 11.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings 150 11.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues 151 11.4 Masking Sound 153 11.5 Acoustic Analysis 156 viii I Contents 11.6 Solutions 158 11.6.1 Static Noise Control 159 11.6.2 Active Noise Control 160 11.7 Vibrations and Buildings 162 12 Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings 165 12.1 Introduction 165 12.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning 166 12.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection 169 12.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)-An Introduction 173 12.5 Electrostatic Charge-Charging Mechanism 174 12.6 ESD Solutions 175 13 Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and System Susceptibility 177 13.1 Introduction 177 13.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings 178 13.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 179 13.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) 183 13.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection 184 13.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings 186 13.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding 190 13.6.2 Ground Loops 190 14 The Human Body and Building Synchronization 194 14.1 Introduction 194 14.2 The Body-Building Environment 195 14.3 Electrodynamics of Humans and Buildings 199 14.3.1 Radiofrequency Waves and the Human Body 201 14.4 Human Body Systems versus Building Systems 202 14.4.1 Human Circulatory versus Building Hydraulic System 202 14.4.2 Human Respiratory versus Building Air System 205 14.5 Human Body System Automation versus Building System Automation 207 14.5.1 Human Logic versus Building Control System 212 15 Integrated Building Systems Automation (IBSA) 215 15.1 Introduction 215 15.2 Integrated Automation System Arrangement 217 15.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) 224 15.3.1 PLC Programming 227 15.3.2 PLC Communication 228 15.4 From Building Technology to Microelectronic Technology 228 15.4.1 Protocols 229 Contents I ix 15.4.2 Integration of Network Objects 234 15.4.3 Integrate<:! 2ommunication 236 16 From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology 241 16.1 Intelligent Buildings 241 16.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance 243 16.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission 244 16.4 Intelligence Availability 247 16.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings 248 17 Reliability Requirements, Risk Management, and Associated Building Systems Engineering 252 17.1 Introduction 252 17.2 Basic Reliability Terminology 253 17.3 Building System Reliability Analysis Procedure 255 17 .3.1 Component Analysis 257 17.4 Risk Analysis 261 17.5 Failures and Relationships 263 17.6 Fault Trees 263 17.7 Intelligent Building Automation Reliability 269 17.7.1 Computing Reliability 271 17.7.2 Hardware Redundancy 272 17.7.3 Software Redundancy 273 18 Air, Water, and Power Quality and Building Systems 276 18.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings 276 18.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources 276 18.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies 281 18.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation 283 18.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems 285 18.2.1 Water Reclamation 285 18.2.2 Water Recycling 289 18.2.3 Water Reuse 289 18.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings 292 18.3.1 Power Impurities 293 18.3.2 Effects on Building Systems 296 18.3.3 Pure Power Solutions 299 18.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization 303 19 Integrated Building Systems Commissioning 304 19.1 Introduction 304 19.2 Integrated Commissioning Design Needs 307 19.3 Intelligent Building Automation Commissioning 309 xi Contents 19.4 Personal Computers as Commissioning Diagnostic Tools 311 20 Building System Microeconomic Analysis 313 20.1 Introduction 313 20.2 Integration of Energy Units 313 20.2.1 Common Base Conversions 314 20.2.2 Sample Conversion Calculations 321 20.3 Utilities Rate Structures 323 20.3.1 Billing Calculations 324 20.4 Economics and Management of Energy 326 20.4.1 Energy Management 327 20.4.2 Energy Economization 327 20.4.3 Demand Control 329 20.5 Simplified Economic Analysis 331 20.6 Sophisticated Economic Analysis 332 20.7 Microlevel Economic Analysis 333 20.8 Building System Equipment Service Life and Impact on Buildings 342 21 Building System and Construction Documents 345 21.1 Drawings 345 21.2 Specifications 345 21.3 Design Considerations and Coordination 362 21.4 Integrated Design Integrals 364 21.5 Preliminary Cost Estimate 367 21.6 Shop Drawings 368 Index 369