The Project Gutenberg EBook of Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum, by John Healy This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum Or Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars Author: John Healy Release Date: October 16, 2012 [EBook #41073] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSULA SANCTORUM ET DOCTORUM *** Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.) Larger Image INSULA SANCTORUM ET DOCTORUM OR, IRELAND’S ANCIENT SCHOOLS and SCHOLARS BY THE MOST REV. JOHN HEALY, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I.A., BISHOP OF CLONFERT; COMMISSIONER FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE BREHON LAWS; EX-PREFECT OF THE DUNBOYNE ESTABLISHMENT, MAYNOOTH COLLEGE. SIXTH EDITION. DUBLIN: SEALY, BRYERS & WALKER, 86 Middle Abbey Street. M. H. GILL & SON, 50 Upper O’Connell Street. LONDON: BURNS & OATES, Limited, 28 Orchard Street, W., and 63 Paternoster Row, E.C.. New York, Cincinnati and Chicago: BENZIGER BROTHERS. 1912. PRINTED BY SEALY, BRYERS AND WALKER, MIDDLE ABBEY STREET, DUBLIN. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. Some smaller inaccuracies in the previous Editions have been corrected in this Edition; but no other changes have been made. ✠ JOHN HEALY, D.D., Bishop of Clonfert. Mount St. Bernard, October, 1902. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The First Edition of this work has been very favourably received both by the critics and by the public. It was exhausted nearly twelve months ago; but other engrossing occupations left the author little time to revise the text and prepare a new edition. In this Second Edition many errors of the press have been corrected; several explanatory notes have been added, and some few inaccuracies have been rectified. Maps of the Aran Islands and Clonmacnoise have been inserted, and the Index has been greatly enlarged. It is hoped also, that the lower price of the present edition will bring it within the range of a wider circle of readers, and still further carry out the author’s purpose of vindicating and enlarging the just renown of Ireland’s ancient Saints and Scholars. ✠ JOHN HEALY, D.D. Mount St. Bernard, Easter, 1893. PREFACE. [Pg v] [Pg vi] In the following pages it has been the author’s purpose to give a full and accurate, but at the same time, as he hopes, a popular account of the Schools and Scholars of Ancient Ireland. It is a subject about which much is talked, but little is known, and even that little is only to be found in volumes that are not easily accessible to the general reader. In the present work the history of the Schools and Scholars of Celtic Erin is traced from the time of St. Patrick down to the Anglo-Norman Invasion of Ireland. The first three centuries of this period is certainly the brightest page of what is, on the whole, the rather saddening, but not inglorious record, of our country’s history. It was not by any means a period altogether free from violence and crime, but it was certainly a time of comparative peace and security, during which the religious communities scattered over the island presented a more beautiful spectacle before men and angels, than anything seen in Christendom either before or since. It is an epoch, too, whose history can be studied with pleasure and profit, and in which Irishmen of all creeds and classes feel a legitimate pride. It has been questioned, indeed, if the Monastic Schools of this period were really so celebrated and so frequented by holy men, as justly to win for Ireland her ancient title of the Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum—the Island of Saints and Scholars. The author ventures to hope that the following pages will furnish, even to the most sceptical, conclusive evidence on this point. It has been his purpose to show not merely the extent, the variety, and the character of the studies, both sacred and profane, pursued in our Celtic Schools, but also the eminent sanctity of those learned men, whose names are found in all our domestic Martyrologies. Perhaps the most striking feature in their character, speaking generally, was their extraordinary love of solitude and mortification. They loved learning much, it is true; but they loved God and nature more. They knew nothing of what is now called civilization, and were altogether ignorant of urban life; but still they had a very keen perception of the grandeur and beauty of God’s universe. The voice of the storm and the strength of the sea, the majesty of lofty mountains and the glory of summer woods, spoke to their hearts even more eloquently than the voice of the preacher, or the writing on their parchments. The author has sought throughout to put all the information, which he could collect in reference to his subject, in a popular and attractive form. At the same time he has spared no pains to consult all the available authorities both ancient and modern; and he has always gone to the original sources, whenever it was possible to do so. He does not pretend to have avoided all mistakes in matters of fact, nor to be quite free from errors in matters of opinion. But he can say that he has honestly done his best to make the study of this portion of our Celtic history interesting and profitable to the general reader. And there is no doubt that the study of the holy and self-denying lives of our ancient Saints and Scholars will exercise a purifying and elevating influence on the minds of all, but more especially of the young; will teach them to raise their thoughts to higher things, and set less store on the paltry surroundings of their daily life. With the single exception of Iona, which may be considered as an Irish island, this volume deals only with our Monastic Schools at home. Irishmen founded during this period many schools and monasteries abroad; but it would require another volume to give a full account of those monasteries and their holy founders. There are many friends to whom we owe thanks for assistance; but we have reason to believe that they would prefer not to have their names mentioned in this preface. In conclusion, we have only to add, that these pages have not been written in a controversial spirit; because in our opinion little or [Pg vii] [Pg viii] nothing is ever to be gained by writing history in a spirit of controversy, which tends rather to obscure than to make known the truth. It is better from every point of view to let the facts speak for themselves; and hence not only in quoting authorities, but also in narrating events, we have, as far as possible, reproduced the language of the original authorities. A few of the papers here published have appeared in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, but they are now presented in a more popular form. ✠ JOHN HEALY, D.D. Palmerston House, Portumna, May, 1890. “May the tongue of Sage and Saint be lasting.” TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE STATE OF LEARNING IN IRELAND BEFORE ST. PATRICK. I.— The Druids 1 Learning of the Druids 1 Religious Worship 2 Sacrifice of Human Victims 3 Worship of the Elements 3 Enchantments 4 Acquaintance with Letters 4 Sun-Worship 5 II.— The Bards 7 The Files 7 The Ollamh-Poet 7 Historic Poet 8 Neidhe 9 Ollioll Olum 10 Ossian 10 III.— The Brehons 11 Office of Brehon thrown open to all possessing necessary qualifications 11 Morann 12 Their Course of Instruction 12 IV.— The Ogham Alphabet 13 Inscribed Stones 13 Invention of the Ogham 14 Letters of the Ogham Alphabet 15 CHAPTER II. IRISH SCHOLARS BEFORE ST. PATRICK. [Pg ix] I.— Cormac Mac Art 16 Battle of Magh Mucruimhe 17 Fenian Militia 18 Finn Mac Cumhail 19 Feis of Tara 19 The Teach Miodhchuarta 21 Writings ascribed to Cormac 23 Saltair of Tara 23 Schools at Tara 23 Book of Aicill 25 Death of Cormac 26 Torna Eigas 28 II.— Sedulius 29 Evidence of Irish Birth 29 Religious Training 32 Writings of Sedulius 35 Carmen Paschale 36 Elegiac Poems 37 III.— Caelestius and Pelagius 39 Caelestius not an Irishman 39 Pelagius of British Birth, but of Scottish Origin 40 No evidence to show that Caelestius was either a Briton or Scot—His Character 41 CHAPTER III. LEARNING IN IRELAND IN THE TIME OF ST. PATRICK. I.— St. Patrick’s Education 43 Life at Marmoutier 44 St. Germanus of Auxerre 46 Patrick accompanied Germanus on his journey to Britain, a.d. 429 48 St. Patrick in the Island of Lerins 49 St. Patrick commissioned by St. Celestine to Preach the Gospel in Ireland 50 II.— St. Patrick’s Literary Labour in Ireland 50 Arrival in Ireland 50 He lights the Paschal Fire 51 Miraculous Destruction of the two Chief Druids of Erin 51 Patrick burns the idolatrous books at Tara and overturns the idols in Leitrim 52 III.— St. Patrick Reforms the Brehon Laws 52 The Senchus Mor 52 Commission of Nine 53 Benignus 54 Church Organization 55 Friendly Alliance with the Bards 57 Church Music 58 St. Patrick accompanied by Bishops and Priests in his Mission to Ireland 59 Synod of Patrick, Auxilius and Iserninus 60 Holy See Supreme Judge of Controversies 60 Duties of Ecclesiastical Judges and Kings 61 Oral Instruction communicated by St. Patrick to his Disciples during Missionary Journeys 62 Books used by St. Patrick 63 Elements, or “Alphabets” of Christian Doctrine 63 Equipment of the young Priest beginning his Missionary Work 64 [Pg x] Patrick’s Household 65 Patrick’s Artificers 66 CHAPTER IV. THE WRITINGS OF SAINT PATRICK AND OF HIS DISCIPLES. I.— St. Patrick’s Confession 67 Evidence in favour of its authenticity 68 The Saint’s motive in writing it 69 Patrick’s parents in Britain 71 Patrick met opposition in preaching the Gospel in Ireland 72 II.— The Epistle to Coroticus 73 III.— The Lorica, or the Deer’s Cry 75 IV.— Sechnall’s Hymn of St. Patrick 77 Secundinus 77 Sechnall, son of Patrick’s sister, Darerca 79 Sechnall’s father 79 V.— The Hymn Sancti Venite 80 St. Sechnall the first Christian Poet in Erin 81 VI.— St. Fiacc of Sletty 81 Fiacc receives grade or orders 83 He founds two Churches 83 Fiacc’s Metrical Life of St. Patrick 85 VII. — The Sayings of Saint Patrick 87 VIII. — The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick 88 Its date and authorship 89 CHAPTER V. IRISH MONASTIC SCHOOLS IN GENERAL. I.— General View of an Irish Monastery 91 Monasticism always existed and always will exist in the Church 92 St. Martin of Tours, the Father of Monasticism in Gaul 93 II.— The Buildings 94 Cells of the Monks 95 Monastic Hospitality 96 III.— Discipline 97 The Abbot 98 The Monastic Family 99 The Rule 99 Food 101 Ordinary Dress 102 IV.— The Daily Labour of the Monastery 102 Religious Exercises 103 Study 103 Writing 104 Manual Labour 104 Church Furniture 105 V.— The Three Orders of Irish Saints 106 CHAPTER VI. SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY. I.— The Schools of Armagh 110 Emania 111 Daire 111 Patrick founds Armagh 112 Ecclesiastical Buildings at Armagh 113 St. Benignus 114 Death of Benignus 116 The Book of Rights attributed to Benignus 116 The School of Armagh, primarily a great Theological Seminary 117 The Moralia of St. Gregory the Great 117 Gildas the Wise 118 His Destruction of Britain 119 English Students at Armagh 119 Churches and Schools of Armagh burned and plundered between a.d. 670 and 1179 120 Imar O’Hagan 121 The Book of Armagh 122 The Mac Moyres 124 II.— The School of Kildare 125 St. Brigid 125 St. Mathona 126 St. Ita 127 St. Brigid born at Faughart 128 Events of her marvellous history 129 Brigid’s religious vows 130 Brigid founds Kildare 130 Brigid the “Mary of Ireland” 131 Monastery of Men at Kildare 132 St. Conlaeth 132 St. Ninnidhius 132 Great Church of Kildare 133 Six Lives of St. Brigid 133 St. Brogan Cloen 134 Cogitosus 135 Round Tower of Kildare 138 Perpetual fire of Kildare 138 Art of Illumination in the Monastic Schools of Kildare 139 The Book of Leinster 140 CHAPTER VII. MINOR MONASTIC SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY. I.— The School of Noendrum 141 St. Mochae 141 St. Colman of Dromore 143 Mochae of Noendrum enchanted for 150 years by the song of a Blackbird 144 II.— The School of Louth 145 St. Mochta 145 School founded 147 The Druid Hoam 147 Book of Cuana 149 III.— The School of Emly 149 St. Ailbe 149 Pre-Patrician Bishops in Ireland 150 [Pg xi] Life of St. Ailbe of Emly 151 Ailbe preached the Gospel in Connaught 152 Life of St. Declan 153 Sts. Ciaran, Ailbe, Declan, and Ibar yield subjection and supremacy to Patrick 153 Difficulties against the authenticity of the Lives of St. Ciaran, St. Declan, and St. Ailbe 155 IV.— St. Ibar 155 Beg-Eri 156 School of Beg-Eri 157 Beg-Eri no longer an Island 158 V.— Early Schools in the West of Ireland 159 College at Cluainfois 160 School of St. Asicus of Elphin 161 CHAPTER VIII. SCHOOLS OF THE SIXTH CENTURY. THE MONASTIC SCHOOL OF ST. ENDA OF ARAN. I.— Life of St. Enda of Aran 163 Monastic Character of the Early Irish Church 163 Family of St. Enda 164 His Sister, St. Fanchea 165 He goes to Candida Casa 167 Goes to Aran 169 II.— The Isles of Aran 169 Aran Mor 170 III.— Pagan Remains in the Isles of Aran 172 Dun Ængusa 173 Dun Conchobhair 175 These Islands in ancient times the stronghold of a Warrior Race 176 IV.— Christian Aran of St. Enda 177 The Curragh Stone 177 Enda founded his First Monastery at Killeany 177 Scholars of St. Enda 178 Columba and Ciaran at Aran 179 The Life of Enda and his Monks, simple and austere 180 V.— Ancient Churches in Aran 181 Churches in Townland of Killeany 181 Telagh-Enda 182 The “Seven Churches” 182 The Tomb of St. Brecan 183 The Septem Romani 184 Ruins at Kilmurvey 185 Tempull na-Cheathair-Aluinn 186 CHAPTER IX. THE SCHOOL OF ST. FINNIAN OF CLONARD. I.— Preliminary Sketch of Christian Schools 188 The First Christian Schools 188 Schools of the Pagans 189 Episcopal Schools 190 School founded by John Cassian near Marseilles 190 Monastery of Lerins 192 II.— St. Finnian of Clonard 193 [Pg xii] Finnian’s birth 194 Goes to Britain 195 Dubricius 196 St. David 196 Cathmael 197 Finnian returns to Erin 198 III.— The School of Clonard 199 Scholars of Clonard 201 Instruction altogether oral 202 Knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures 203 “Tutor of the Saints of Ireland” 203 Remains at Clonard 205 St. Aileran the Wise 206 CHAPTER X. THE SCHOOL OF CLONFERT. I.— St. Brendan of Clonfert 209 Fostered by St. Ita 211 Brendan’s progress in learning under St. Erc 211 Seminary at Cluainfois 212 Brendan’s Rule 213 St. Brendan’s Oratory on the summit of Brandon Hill 214 Brendan’s Voyages 215 He goes to Britain 217 The Cursing of Tara 218 He founds the Monastery of Inchiquin 219 Founds Clonfert 220 Death of Brendan 221 II.— St. Moinenn 222 St. Fintan 224 The Abbot Seanach Garbh 225 St. Fursey 226 Birth of Fursey 227 III.— St. Cummian the Tall, Bishop of Clonfert 228 Birth of Cummian 229 Pupil of St. Finbar 230 Cummian and King Domhnall 232 Paschal Controversy 233 The Irish Usage 234 Main charge brought against the Irish 235 A National Synod at Magh Lene 236 Cummian’s Paschal Epistle 237 He appeals to the authority of the Church 238 Quotes the Synodical Decrees of St. Patrick 239 The Liber de Mensura Poenitentiarum 240 IV.— Subsequent History of Clonfert 242 Turgesius and the Danes 242 Old Cathedral of Clonfert 243 CHAPTER XI. THE SCHOOL OF MOVILLE. I.— St. Finnian of Moville 245 His Boyhood and Education 246 Candida Casa 246 Finnian at Candida Casa 247 He goes to Rome 248 Returns to Ireland and founds a School at Moville 249 Columcille’s Copy of St. Finnian’s Psaltery 251 The Cathach 252 St. Finnian’s Rule 253 His Death 254 The Hymn of St. Colman 255 II.— Marianus Scotus 256 CHAPTER XII. THE SCHOOL OF CLONMACNOISE. I.— St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise 258 Clonmacnoise 258 St. Ciaran at the School of Clonard 259 He goes to Aran 260 Visits St. Senan at Scattery 261 Founds Churches at Isell Ciaran and Hare Island, and the Monastery at Clonmacnoise 261 Origin of the Diocese of Clonmacnoise 262 Death of St. Ciaran 263 Festival of St. Ciaran 264 The Eclais Beg 265 II.— The Ruined Churches at Clonmacnoise 266 Round Tower 267 O’Rourke’s Tower 268 De Lacy’s Castle 269 Inscribed Tombstones 269 III.— The Scholars of Clonmacnoise 270 Grants to the School of Clonmacnoise 271 Colgan, or Colgu the Wise 272 Alcuin 272 The Ferleginds 273 The Prayer of St. Colgu 273 Scuap Chrabhaigh 274 Plundered by the Danes 274 Felim Mac Criffan 275 IV.— Annalists of Clonmacnoise 276 Tighernach 276 Chronicon Scotorum 278 Gilla-Christ O’Maeileon 279 Annals of Clonmacnoise 279 V.— The “Leabhar-na-h-Uidhre” 280 Conn-na-m-Bocht 280 VI.— Dicuil, the Geographer 281 The De Mensura Orbis Terrarum 281 His Learning 284 Irish Pilgrimage to Jerusalem 285 The “Barns of Joseph” 286 Dicuil’s reference to Iceland 287 Love of the Ancient Irish Monks for island solitudes 288 [Pg xiii] Iceland and the Faroe Isles occupied by Irish Monks prior to discovery of these islands by the Danes 289 Dicuil’s testimony that Sedulius was an Irishman 290 CHAPTER XIII. THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND. I.— St. Columba’s Education 291 St. Columba, a typical Celt 291 Early History 292 Goes to the School of St. Finnian at Moville 294 Columba at the School of Clonard 295 Columba at Glasnevin 296 He returns to his native territory 297 II.— Columba founds Derry 298 Columcille’s original Church 298 Personal description of Columba 299 III.— The Schools of Durrow and Kells 301 Columba founded the Monastery of Durrow 301 Interesting incidents 302 Cormac Ua Liathain 303 The Book of Durrow 304 Ancient remains at Durrow 305 Assassination of De Lacy 306 IV.— The Foundation of Kells 306 King Diarmait 306 St. Columba’s House 308 Round Tower of Kells 309 Book of Kells 309 This MS. caused the Battle of Cuil-Dreimhne 310 Columba’s departure from Derry 312 Port-a-Churraich 314 CHAPTER XIV. THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOL IN ALBA. I.— Iona 315 Columba settles in Iona 316 Reilig Odhran 317 Columba’s Monasteries 318 Scribes in Iona 319 Rule in Iona 319 II.— Columba Protects the Bards 320 Threatened destruction of the Bards 320 Convention of Drumceat 321 Columba’s defence of the Bards 322 The Bardic Schools 323 III.— Death of Columba 324 IV.— Writings of Columba 326 The Altus Prosator 327 In te Christe 328 Noli Pater 328 Irish Poems attributed to Columcille 329 [Pg xiv] Columba’s Prophecies 329 V.— Lives of Columcille 330 VI.— Other Scholars of Iona 331 Baithen 331 Death of Baithen 333 Laisren 333 Seghine 333 Suibhne 334 Cuimine the Fair 334 VII. — Adamnan, Ninth Abbot of Hy 335 Greek Tongue taught in the School of Hy 1170 years ago 336 Adamnan’s Birth 336 His Parentage 337 King Finnachta 337 Adamnan goes to Iona 338 Vita Columbae 339 Adamnan introduces the new Paschal observance into Ireland 341 Dispute between Adamnan and Finnachta 342 Canon of Adamnan 342 Death of Adamnan—relics transferred to Ireland 343 Adamnan’s writings 344 De Locis Sanctis 344 Expulsion of the Columbian Monks by the Pictish King Nectan 345 The “Gentiles” make their first descent on the Hebrides 346 Martyrdom of St. Blaithmac 347 The Rule of Columba 347 CHAPTER XV. THE LATER COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND. I.— Kells Head of the Columbian Houses 348 Kells pillaged by the Danes 348 The Cathach 348 II.— Marianus Scotus 349 Commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul 351 III.— The Later School of Derry 352 The Ua Brolchain 352 St. Maelisa O’Brolchain 353 Flaithbhertach O’Brolchain 354 The Abbot of Derry resolves to renovate his monastery and collects funds for the purpose 355 Synod of the Clergy of Ireland convened at Bri Mac Taidgh in Laeghaire 356 See of Derry established 357 IV.— Gelasius 358 His name of Mac Liag 358 Gelasius becomes Abbot of Derry, 359 He reforms the morals of clergy and people 359 Synod of Kells 360 Synod of Mellifont 361 Synod of Brigh Mac-Taidgh 361 Synod of Clane 362 Gelasius consecrates St. Laurence O’Toole 362 Death of Gelasius 363 CHAPTER XVI. THE SCHOOL OF BANGOR. I.— St. Comgall of Bangor 364 Birth and parentage 365 Comgall enters the Monastery of Fintan 366 He visits Clonmacnoise, and receives the priesthood 367 Description of Bangor 367 St. Columba visits Comgall at Bangor 368 The fame of Comgall attracts crowds to Bangor 369 Death of Comgall 370 II.— St. Columbanus 370 His early life 371 Goes to Cluaninis and places himself under the care of Sinell 372 He enters Bangor 372 Preaches the Gospel in Gaul 373 He buries himself in the depths of the forest 373 Increase of Disciples 374 Founds a monastery at Luxeuil 375 Columbanus and his Irish Monks banished from Luxeuil 376 They establish themselves at Bregentz 376 He founds the Monastic Church of Bobbio 378 Death of Columbanus 378 His writings 379 The Bobbio Missal 380 The Antiphonarium Benchorense 381 III.— Dungal 381 Theologian, astronomer and poet 381 Dungal was an Irishman 382 Probably educated in the School of Bangor 382 Dungal goes to France 382 His Letter to Charlemagne on the two solar eclipses said to have taken place in a.d. 810 383 He opens a school at Pavia 385 The last struggle of Western Iconoclasm 385 The Libri Carolini 386 Synod of Frankfort 386 The Council of Nice 387 The Paris Conference 388 Claudius of Turin 389 Dungali Responsa contra perversas Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias 390 Character of Dungal’s writings 391 His death 392 IV.— St. Malachy 393 Sketch of his life 393 He rebuilds the monastery at Bangor 394 Becomes Bishop of Connor 394 Founds the Monasterium Ibracense 395 Malachy transferred to the Primatial See 395 Difficulties in Armagh 395 Malachy honoured at Rome by Pope Innocent III. 396 Death at Clairvaux 397 [Pg xv] CHAPTER XVII. THE SCHOOL OF CLONENAGH. I.— St. Fintan 398 Churches founded round the base of the Slieve Bloom mountains 398 Clonenagh 398 Fintan’s Rule 401 St. Comgall a pupil of the School of Clonenagh 402 Miracles of St. Fintan 403 Fintan, “Father of the Irish Monks” 404 II.— St. Ængus 404 A Ceile De 405 He leads a solitary life 405 Dysert-Enos 406 Penitential Exercises 407 Ængus arrives at Tallagh 407 Martyrology of Tallagh 408 The Felire 409 Fothadh-na-Canoine 410 Invocation of the Saints 411 The Saltair-na-Rann 412 Opinions of Dr. Stokes with regard to the writings of Ængus 412 Death of Ængus 413 CHAPTER XVIII. THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH. I.— St. Kevin 414 Sketch of his Life 414 Kevin is placed under the care of St. Petroc 415 He goes to Glendalough 416 Description of Glendalough 417 St. Kevin’s Bed 418 Tempull-na-Skellig 419 Glendalough, a Seminary of Saints and Scholars 420 Kevin meets Columba, Comgall and Canice at the hill of Uisnech 421 Death of Kevin 421 Writings attributed to Kevin 422 II.— Ruins at Glendalough 422 The Cathedral 423 St. Kevin’s Kitchen 423 Our Lady’s Church 424 Trinity Church 424 Kevin’s Yew Tree 425 III.— St. Moling 425 St. Moling 426 Teach Moling 426 Moling becomes Bishop of Ferns 427 Remission of the Cow-Tax 428 Writings attributed to St. Moling 429 Glendalough ravaged by the Danes 429 “Gilla-na-naomh Laighen” 430 [Pg xvi] CHAPTER XVIII.—(continued). THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH. St. Laurence O’Toole 432 His Parentage 433 He goes to Glendalough 434 Lorcan as a Student 435 He is placed at the head of St. Kevin’s Great Establishment 436 Consecrated Archbishop of Dublin 437 Synod of the Irish Prelates at Clane 437 He reforms the Clergy 437 His Spirit of Mortification and Prayer 438 Dermott McMurrough and Maurice Fitzgerald attack Dublin 440 He stimulates the slothful king, Rory O’Connor, to action 441 Laurence O’Toole attends a General Council in Rome, and secures many privileges for the Church in Ireland 443 He travels to England in the interests of Rory O’Connor the discrowned king 444 Detained a prisoner in the monastery of Abingdon 444 His death 445 Canonization 446 CHAPTER XIX. SCHOOLS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY. I.— The School of Lismore, St. Carthach 447 He visits the School of Bangor 448 He founds a monastery at Rahan 449 “Effugatio” of Carthach from Rahan 450 He founds Lismore 453 Retires from community life to prepare for death 454 Miracles 454 Rule of Carthach 455 II.— St. Cathaldus of Tarentum 457 The Life of St. Cathaldus 457 His Birth-place 458 A Student at Lismore 460 He becomes a bishop 461 See of Rachau 462 Pilgrimage to Jerusalem 462 Taranto 463 Cathaldus endeavours to reform the licentious inhabitants of Taranto 463 His death at Taranto 464 Invention of the Saint’s Relics 464 III.— Other Scholars of Lismore 465 St. Cuanna 465 St. Colman O’Leathain 467 Aldfrid, King of Northumbria 468 IV.— Subsequent History of Lismore 466 Lismore ravaged by the Danes 469 Scenery at Lismore 471 Inscribed stones 472 The Crozier of Lismore 472 The Book of Lismore 473 [Pg xvii]