Biology E I G H T H E D I T I O N Eldra P. Solomon Linda R. Berg Diana W. Martin University of South Florida St. Petersburg College Rutgers University Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Biology,Eighth Edition Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R. Berg, and Diana W. 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Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to [email protected]. ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Micro- soft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. DEDICATION To our families, friends, and colleagues who gave freely of their love, support, knowledge, and time as we prepared this eighth edition of Biology Especially to Rabbi Theodore and Freda Brod Alan and Jennifer Chuck and Margaret This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHORS ELDRA P. SOLOMON has written LINDA R. BERG is an award-winning DIANA W. MARTIN is the Director several leading college-level textbooks teacher and textbook author. She re- of General Biology, Division of Life in biology and in human anatomy and ceived a B.S. in science education, an Sciences, at Rutgers University, New physiology. Her books have been trans- M.S. in botany, and a Ph.D. in plant Brunswick Campus. She received an lated into more than 10 languages. physiology from the University of Mary- M.S. at Florida State University, where Dr. Solomon earned an M.S. from the land. Her research focused on the evo- she studied the chromosomes of related University of Florida and an M.A. and lutionary implications of steroid biosyn- plant species to understand their evolu- Ph.D. from the University of South thetic pathways in various organisms. tionary relationships. She earned a Ph.D. Florida. Dr. Solomon taught biology and Dr. Berg taught at the University of at the University of Texas at Austin, nursing students for more than 20 years. Maryland at College Park for 17 years where she studied the genetics of the She is adjunct professor and member of and at St. Petersburg College in Florida fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the Graduate Faculty of the University for 8 years. During her career, she taught then conducted postdoctoral research of South Florida. introductory courses in biology, botany, at Princeton University. She has taught In addition to being a biologist and and environmental science to thousands general biology and other courses at science author, Dr. Solomon is a bio- of students. At the University of Mary- Rutgers for more than 20 years and has psychologist with a special interest in the land, she received numerous teaching been involved in writing textbooks since neuro physiology of traumatic experience. and service awards. Dr. Berg is also the 1988. She is immensely grateful that her Her research has focused on the relation- recipient of many national and regional decision to study biology in college has ships among stress, emotions, and health awards, including the National Science led to a career that allows her many ways and on post-traumatic stress disorder. Teachers Association Award for Innova- to share her excitement about all aspects Dr. Solomon has presented her work in tions in College Science Teaching, the of biology. plenary sessions and scientific meetings at Nation’s Capital Area Disabled Student many national and international confer- Services Award, and the Washington ences. She has been profiled more than Academy of Sciences Award in Univer- 20 times in leading publications, includ- sity Science Teaching. ingWho’s Who in America, Who’s Who During her career as a professional in Science and Engineering, Who’s Who in science writer, Dr. Berg has authored or Medicine and Healthcare,Who’s Who in co-authored several leading college sci- American Education, Who’s Who of Ameri- ence textbooks. Her writing reflects her can Women, and Who’s Who in the World. teaching style and love of science. This page intentionally left blank Brief Contents Preface xxvii 14 Gene Regulation 304 To the Student xxxiii 15 DNA Technology and Genomics 322 16 The Human Genome 346 17 Developmental Genetics 368 Part1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1 1 A View of Life 1 Part4 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE: 2 Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis EVOLUTION 390 of Life 25 3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds 45 18 Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 390 4 Organization of the Cell 73 19 Evolutionary Change in Populations 412 5 Biological Membranes 106 20 Speciation and Macroevolution 428 6 Cell Communication 134 21 The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life 447 22 The Evolution of Primates 466 Part2 ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH LIVING SYSTEMS 152 Part5 THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE 482 7 Energy and Metabolism 152 8 How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing 23 Understanding Diversity: Systematics 482 Pathways 171 24 Viruses and Prokaryotes 500 9 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy 191 25 Protists 530 26 Kingdom Fungi 555 27 The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants 581 Part3 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE: 28 The Plant Kingdom: Seed Plants 600 GENETICS 211 29 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction 10 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 211 to Animal Diversity 619 11 The Basic Principles of Heredity 234 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes 640 12 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information 260 31 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes 667 13 Gene Expression 279 vii Part6 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES 48 Endocrine Regulation 1028 IN PLANTS 698 49 Reproduction 1051 32 Plant Structure, Growth, and 50 Animal Development 1080 Differentiation 698 51 Animal Behavior 1101 33 Leaf Structure and Function 715 34 Stems and Transport in Vascular Plants 731 35 Roots and Mineral Nutrition 748 Part8 THE INTERACTIONS OF LIFE: 36 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 767 ECOLOGY 1126 37 Plant Growth and Development 789 52 Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology 1126 53 Community Ecology 1146 Part7 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES 54 Ecosystems and the Biosphere 1166 IN ANIMALS 807 55 Ecology and the Geography of Life 1189 38 Animal Structure and Function: 56 Global Environmental Issues 1212 An Introduction 807 39 Protection, Support, and Movement 827 Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 40 Neural Signaling 845 Appendix B Classification of Organisms A-2 41 Neural Regulation 865 Appendix C Understanding Biological Terms A-6 42 Sensory Systems 893 Appendix D Abbreviations A-9 43 Internal Transport 919 Appendix E Answers to Test Your Understanding Questions A-11 44 The Immune System: Internal Defense 944 Glossary G-1 45 Gas Exchange 970 Index I-1 46 Processing Food and Nutrition 989 47 Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes 1011 viii Brief Contents www.thomsonedu.com/biology/solomon Contents Part 1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1 Scientists interpret the results of experiments and make conclusions 18 A theory is supported by tested hypotheses 20 1 A VIEW OF LIFE 1 Many hypotheses cannot be tested by direct experiment 20 Paradigm shifts allow new discoveries 21 Three Basic Themes 2 Systems biology integrates different levels of information 21 Characteristics of Life 2 Science has ethical dimensions 21 Organisms are composed of cells 2 Organisms grow and develop 3 Organisms regulate their metabolic processes 3 Organisms respond to stimuli 4 Organisms reproduce 5 2 ATOMS AND MOLECULES: Populations evolve and become adapted THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 25 to the environment 5 Elements and Atoms 26 Levels of Biological Organization 6 An atom is uniquely identifi ed by its number of protons 27 Organisms have several levels of organization 6 Protons plus neutrons determine atomic mass 28 Several levels of ecological organization can be identifi ed 6 Isotopes of an element differ in number of neutrons 28 Information Transfer 6 Electrons move in orbitals corresponding to energy levels 29 DNA transmits information from one generation Chemical Reactions 29 to the next 6 Atoms form compounds and molecules 29 Information is transmitted by chemical and electrical Simplest, molecular, and structural chemical formulas signals 8 give different information 30 Evolution: The Basic Unifying Concept One mole of any substance contains the same number of Biology 9 of units 31 Biologists use a binomial system for naming organisms 9 Chemical equations describe chemical reactions 31 Taxonomic classifi cation is hierarchical 9 Chemical Bonds 31 The tree of life includes three domains and six kingdoms 11 In covalent bonds electrons are shared 31 Species adapt in response to changes in their environment 11 Ionic bonds form between cations and anions 33 Natural selection is an important mechanism by which Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions 35 evolution proceeds 11 van der Waals interactions are weak forces 36 Populations evolve as a result of selective pressures from changes in their environment 13 Redox Reactions 36 The Energy for Life 14 Water 36 Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules 37 The Process of Science 15 Water molecules interact with hydrophilic substances Science requires systematic thought processes 16 by hydrogen bonding 37 Scientists make careful observations and ask critical Water helps maintain a stable temperature 38 questions 16 Chance often plays a role in scientifi c discovery 16 Acids, Bases, and Salts 39 A hypothesis is a testable statement 17 pH is a convenient measure of acidity 40 Many predictions can be tested by experiment 17 Buffers minimize pH change 40 Researchers must avoid bias 18 An acid and a base react to form a salt 41 ix