Sport and Exercise Physiology The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Ecology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Developmental Biology Plant Biology Bioinformatics Sport and Exercise Physiology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner, Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Forthcoming titles Sport and Exercise Psychology Sport and Exercise Mechanics Sport and Exercise Physiology K. Birch School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK D. MacLaren The Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15–21 Webster Street, Liverpool, UK and K. George The Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15–21 Webster Street, Liverpool, UK © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2005 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 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ISBN 0-203-48824-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59748-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1 85996 2491(Print Edition) Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK and 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA World Wide Web home page: www.garlandscience.com Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers is a member of the Taylor & Francis Group Distributed in the USA by Fulfilment Center Taylor & Francis 10650 Toebben Drive Independence, KY 41051, USA Toll Free Tel.: +1 800 634 7064; E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in Canada by Taylor & Francis 74 Rolark Drive Scarborough, Ontario M1R 4G2, Canada Toll Free Tel.: +1 877 226 2237; E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1264 332424; E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Birch, K. (Karen) Instant notes in sport and exercise physiology/K. Birch, D. MacLaren, K. George. — 1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-85996-249-1 1. Exercise—Physiological aspects. 2. Sports—Physiological aspects. I. MacLaren, D. (Don) II. George, K. (Keith) III. Title. QP301.B4786 2004 612′.044—dc22 2004014197 Production Editor: Catherine Jones C ONTENTS Abbreviations vii Preface ix Section A – Fundamentals of exercise physiology A1 Exercise physiology 1 A2 Force, work and power 3 A3 Work and power performed on the cycle ergometer and treadmill 5 A4 Estimation and measurement of energy expenditure 7 Section B – Bioenergetics for movement B1 Energy sources and exercise 11 B2 Rates of energy production 17 B3 Energy stores 20 B4 Control of energy sources 23 B5 Energy for various exercise intensities 27 B6 Responses to training 32 Section C – Skeletal muscle contraction and control C1 Muscle structure 35 C2 Motor-neural control of contraction and relaxation 38 C3 Force–velocity and length–tension characteristics 47 C4 Fiber types 50 C5 Adaptations to training 52 Section D – Pulmonary adaptations to exercise D1 Pulmonary structure and volumes 57 D2 Pulmonary function and control 62 D3 Pulmonary responses to exercise 67 D4 Pulmonary responses to training 72 Section E – Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise E1 Cardiovascular structure 75 E2 Cardiovascular function and control 80 E3 Cardiovascular responses to exercise 86 E4 Cardiovascular responses to training 91 Section F – Integrated neural and hormonal control of exercise F1 The neural system 95 F2 The endocrine system 101 Section G – Nutrition and ergogenic aids for sports performance G1 Fatigue and ergogenic aids 107 G2 Macronutrients 110 G3 Fluids 116 G4 Nutritional ergogenic aids 120 Section H – Training for performance H1 Training principles 129 H2 Training for aerobic power 134 vi Contents H3 Training for anaerobic power 137 H4 Training for strength and power 138 H5 Training for flexibility 141 Section I – Exercise and environmental stress I1 Thermoregulation 143 I2 Exercise in hot and humid environments 148 I3 Exercise in cold environments 154 I4 Exercise at altitude 157 I5 Exercise underwater 163 I6 Jet lag and exercise 167 Section J – Energy balance, body composition and health J1 Energy balance 171 J2 Body composition 178 J3 Changing body mass and body fat 183 Section K – Disease, exercise and health K1 Exercise, fitness and health 187 K2 Physiological benefits of exercise 191 K3 Exercise and disease 192 Section L – Exercise prescription for health L1 Screening and exercise testing 195 L2 Guidelines for exercise prescription 202 L3 Special populations 206 Further reading 211 Index 215 A BBREVIATIONS AACVPR American Association of NIR near infrared reactance Cardiovascular and Pulmonary PAR-Q Physical Activity Readiness Rehabilitation Questionnaire ACOG American College of Obstetricians PASE Physical Activity Scale for the and Gynecologists Elderly ADP adenosine diphosphate PCO partial pressure of carbon dioxide 2 AHA American Heart Association PO partial pressure of oxygen 2 ANS autonomic nervous system PCR phosphocreatine/creatine ATP adenosine triphosphate phosphate BMI body mass index PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate PFK phosphofructokinase CHD coronary heart disease PNF proprioceptive neuromuscular CK creatine kinase facilitation CNS central nervous system PNS peripheral nervous system · DEXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Q cardiac output DLW doubly labeled water RER respiratory exchange ratio DOMS delayed-onset muscle soreness RM repetition maximum ECG electrocardiogram RMR resting metabolic rate FEV forced expiratory volume in 1 ROM range of motion 1.0 second RPE rating of perceived exertion FFM fat-free mass RQ respiratory quotient FG fast glycolytic SCUBA self-contained underwater FOG fast oxidative-glycolytic breathing apparatus FVC forced vital capacity SI System International HCO− bicarbonate ion SO slow oxidative 3 HR heart rate SV stroke volume IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus TEA thermic effect of activity IGF-I insulin-like growth factor I TEF thermic effect of food LCT long-chain triglyceride TIA transient ischemic attack · LSD long slow distance VCO volume of carbon dioxide 2 MCT medium-chain triglyceride produced MET metabolic equivalent VE volume expired · MLTPA Minnesota Leisure Time Physical VE ventilatory volume · Activity Questionnaire VO volume of oxygen consumed per 2 MRFIT Multiple Risk Factor Intervention minute · Trial VO maximum rate of oxygen 2max NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes consumed per minute mellitus P REFACE Sport and Exercise Science has become a hugely popular degree subject at university and college alike, and thankfully more and more health professionals utilize the scientific principles of exercise, training, sport and rehabilitation. With this in mind it seemed that a quick reference, or revision text in the physiology of exercise was sorely missing. We had the idea that a text of this nature would be applicable to undergraduate students studying Exercise Physiology as a major component of their degree, to students opting to study the elective as an option, and then of course to those professionals and interested parties who need a guide to the essentials of the subject. Hopefully this text will be used by all of these parties. We acknowledge that the title of the text is grammatically incor- rect, and should in fact read the ‘Physiology of Exercise.’ After much debate and thought over this problem we decided to stay with ‘Exercise Physiology,’ mainly because it is the name given to most undergraduate modules of this nature. The Key Notes sections of this book should highlight the important revi- sion areas within each topic of interest. The following sections provide the major detail of these topics, whilst also highlighting where topics interlink. We have attempted to keep this detail to the essential information, and to use easy diagrams to help underpin the knowledge. Students and interested parties alike should therefore become very familiar with the essential components of exer- cise physiology without having to read through huge tomes. We hope that once the essential information is grasped that the reader will be enthused to read further in what is (we think) a fascinating subject. Karen Birch, August 2004