Andrzej Yatsko, Walery Susłow Insight into Theoretical and Applied Informatics Introduction to Information Technologies and Computer Science Andrzej Yatsko, Walery Susłow Insight into Theoretical and Applied Informatics Introduction to Information Technologies and Computer Science Managing Editor: Irmina Grzegorek Associate Editor: Dalia Baziuke Language Editor: Adam Tod Leverton Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2015 Andrzej Yatsko, Walery Susłow ISBN 978-3-11-046987-5 e-ISBN 978-3-11-046988-2 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Managing Editor: Irmina Grzegorek Associate Editor: Dalia Baziuke Language Editor: Adam Tod Leverton www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Andrzej Yatsko, Walery Susłow, Michał Statkiewicz Contents Abstract 1 Introduction to Informatics 1.1 Basics of Informatics 1.1.1 Historical Background 1.1.2 Famous People in the History of Computing 1.1.3 Areas of Computer Science 1.1.4 Theoretical and Applied Informatics 1.1.4.1 Theoretical Informatics 1.1.4.2 Applied Informatics 1.2 Relationship with Some Fundamental Sciences 1.2.1 Informatics and Mathematics 1.2.2 Informatics and Mathematical Logic 1.2.3 Informatics and Cybernetics 1.2.4 Informatics and Electronics 1.2.5 Informatics and Linguistics 1.2.6 Informatics vis-à-vis Psychology and Sociology 1.2.7 Informatics and Economics 1.3 Information Theory 1.3.1 Quantities of Information 1.3.1.1 Units for Measuring Computer Information 1.3.1.2 Quantities of Information in Information Theory 1.3.2 Coding Theory 1.3.3 Semiotics 1.3.3.1 Computational Semiotics 2 Algorithmics 2.1 The Science of Algorithms 2.1.1 Algorithm Design 2.1.2 Algorithmic Complexity Theory 2.1.3 Algorithm Analysis 2.2 Data Science (Datalogy) 2.2.1 Raw Data 2.2.2 Data Structures 2.2.3 Data Analysis (Data Analytics) 2.2.4 Data Mining 3 Computer Programming 3.1 Computer Programming Languages 3.1.1 A Very Brief History of Languages and Programming Paradigms 3.1.2 Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages 3.1.3 Design and Implementation 3.2 Software Engineering 3.2.1 Software Development Process 3.2.2 Software Design Methods 3.2.3 Computer-Aided Software Engineering 3.3 Information Technology Project Management 3.3.1 The IT Project Management Stages 3.3.2 Approaches to Managing IT Project Activities 3.3.3 IT Team and IT Managers 4 Information Systems 4.1 Information Systems Basic 4.1.1 Organized Collection of Data (Databases) 4.1.2 Discovering IS Functionality 4.2 Analysis and Modeling of Information Systems 4.2.1 Brief Introduction to the Unified Modeling Language 4.2.2 Modeling the Architecture of Information System 4.3 Design of Business Information Systems 4.3.1 Business Process Modeling Notation 4.3.2 Business Process Reengineering 4.3.3 Software Measurement 4.4 Human Factors in Information Systems 4.4.1 Human Computer Interaction in Software Development 4.4.2 User Centered Development Methodology Bibliography Index Abstract The book is addressed to young people interested in computer technologies and computer science. The objective of this book is to provide the reader with all the necessary elements to get him or her started in the modern field of informatics and to allow him or her to become aware of the relationship between key areas of computer science. The book is addressed not only to future software developers, but also to all who are interested in computing in a widely understood sense. The authors also expect that some computer professionals will want to review this book to lift themselves above the daily grind and to embrace the excellence of the whole field of computer science. Unlike existing books, this one bypasses issues concerning the construction of computers and focuses only on information processing. Recognizing the importance of the human factor in information processing, the authors intend to present the theoretical foundations of computer science, software development rules, and some business aspects of informatics in non-technocratic, humanistic terms.