INSECT SAMPLING IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS METHODS IN ECOLOGY SERIES LIST Geographic Information Systems in Ecology 1997, Carol A. Johnston, University of Minnesota Researchers will find this an invaluable guide to applying and getting the most out of Geographical Information Systems, one of the most revolutionary and important tools that have become available to ecological researchers in recent years. An Introduction to Ecological Modelling: Putting Practice into Theory 1997, M. Gillman & Rosie Hails, Open University & CEH Oxford “Teachers of courses on ecological modelling will find [this book] a useful source-book at a competitive price.” This book aims to open up the exciting area of ecological modeling to a much wider audience. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science 1994, edited by Kate Lajtha & Robert Michener, Oregon State University & Boston University This book, written by two of the leading researchers in the field, explains the background to stable isotope methodology and discuss the use of the methods in varying ecological situations. Geographical Population Analysis: Tools for the Analysis of Biodiversity 1994, Brian A. Maurer, Michigan State University This book discusses methods and statistical techniques that can be used to analyze spatial patterns in geographic populations. These techniques incorporate ideas from fractal geometry to develop measures of geographic range fragmentation, and can be used to ask questions regarding the conservation of biodiversity. Molecular Methods in Ecology 2000, edited by Allan J. Baker, Royal Ontario Museum This book provides both postgraduates and researchers with a guide to choosing and employing appropriate methodologies for successful research in the field of molecular ecology. Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soils and Water 1995, edited by P.A. Matson & R.C. Harriss, University of California & University of New Hampshire “The present volume...will serve as an important tool box for researchers and graduate students in this discipline, and will provide both a range of techniques for field measurements and a conceptual framework for extrapolation strategies.” This how-to guide details the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Ecological Data: Design, Management and Processing 2000, edited by William Michener & James Brunt, University of New Mexico This book provides a much-needed resource for those involved in designing and implementing ecological research, as well as students who are entering the environmental sciences. Population Parameters: Estimation for Ecological Models 1999, Hamish McCallum, University of Queensland This book brings together a diverse and scattered literature, to provide clear guidance on how to estimate parameters for models of animal populations. METHODS IN ECOLOGY Insect Sampling in Forest Ecosystems EDITED BY SIMON R. LEATHER Department of Biological Sciences Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Silwood Park Ascot UK SERIES EDITORS J.H. LAWTON , CBE FRS Natural Environment Research Council Swindon, UK G.E. LIKENS Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook, USA © 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd A catalogue record for this title is available from the a Blackwell Publishing company British Library. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING Set in 91/2on 12pt Meridien 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK Printed and bound in the United Kingdom 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall Australia The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper The right of Simon Leather to be identified as the from mills that operate a sustainable forestry Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has policy, and which has been manufactured from been asserted in accordance with the UK pulp processed using acid-free and elementary Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used All rights reserved. No part of this publication may have met acceptable environmental accreditation be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, standards. or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording For further information on or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without www.blackwellpublishing.com the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect sampling in forest ecosystems / edited by Simon R. Leather. p. cm. – (Methods in ecology) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-632-05388-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Forest insects–Research–Methodology. 2. Forest surveys. 3. Ecological surveys. 4. Sampling (Statistics) I. Leather, S. R. (Simon R.) II. Series. SB761.I56 2005 634.9¢67¢072–dc22 2004009772 Contents Contributors, vii Methods in Ecology series, ix Preface, xi 1 Sampling theory and practice, 1 Simon R. Leather and Allan D. Watt 2 Sampling insects from roots, 16 Alan C. Gange 3 Pitfall trapping in ecological studies, 37 B.A. Woodcock 4 Sampling methods for forest understory vegetation, 58 Claire M.P. Ozanne 5 Sampling insects from trees: shoots, stems, and trunks, 77 Martin R. Speight 6 Insects in flight, 116 Mark Young 7 Techniques and methods for sampling canopy insects, 146 Claire M.P. Ozanne 8 Sampling methods for water-filled tree holes and their artificial analogues, 168 S.P. Yanoviak and O.M. Fincke 9 Sampling devices and sampling design for aquatic insects, 186 Leon Blaustein and Matthew Spencer v vi CONTENTS 10 Methods for sampling termites, 221 David T. Jones, Robert H.J. Verkerk, and Paul Eggleton 11 Parasitoids and predators, 254 Nick Mills Index, 279 Contributors Leon Blaustein Community Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel Paul Eggleton Termite Research Group, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK O.M. Fincke Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA Alan C. Gange School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK David T. Jones Termite Research Group, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK Simon R. Leather Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK Nick Mills Insect Biology, Wellman Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3112, USA Claire M.P. Ozanne Centre for Research in Ecology and the Environment, School of Life Sciences, Roehampton University of Surrey, West Hill, London SW15 3SN, UK vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Martin R. Speight Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK Matthew Spencer Community Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel Current address: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5, Canada Robert H.J. Verkerk Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK Allan D. Watt Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hill of Brathens, Glassel, Banchory, Aberdeenshire AB31 4BW, UK B.A. Woodcock Centre for Agri-Environment Research, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, RG6 6AR, UK S.P. Yanoviak Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA Current address: Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9thStreet SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA Mark Young Culterty Field Station, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh Ellon, Aberdeenshire, AB41 OAA, UK Methods in Ecology series Series editors Professor John H. Lawtonis Chief Executive of the UK Natural Environment Research Council, and holds honorary professorships at Imperial College London and the University of York. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has received numerous national and international prizes. Professor Lawton is au- thor, co-author, or editor of six books, a former editor of Ecological Entomology, and has published over 300 scientific articles. Dr Gene E. Likens is President and Director of the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York, and also holds professorships at Cornell University, Yale University, and Rutgers University. He received the 2001 National Medal of Science and has received eight honorary degrees. Dr Likens is also author, co-author, or editor of 15 books, and of over 450 published scientific articles. About the series TheMethods in Ecologyseries is a useful and ever-growing collection of books aimed at helping ecologists to choose and apply an appropriate methodology for their research. The series is edited by two internationally renowned ecologists, Professor John H. Lawton and Dr Gene E. Likens, and aims to address the need for a set of concise and authoritative books to guide researchers through the wide range of methods and approaches that are available to ecologists. Each volume is not simply a recipe book, but takes a critical look at different approaches to the solution of a problem, whether in the laboratory or in the field, and whether involving the collection or the analysis of data. Rather than reiterate established methods, authors are encouraged to feature new technologies, often borrowed from other disciplines, that ecologists can apply to their work. Innovative techniques, properly used, can offer par- ticularly exciting opportunities for the advancement of ecology. ix x METHODS IN ECOLOGY SERIES The series strives to be at the cutting edge of the subject, introducing ecologists to a wide range of techniques that are currently rarely used, but deserve to be better known, or it seeks to provide up-to-date methods in more familiar areas. Its main purpose is not only to provide instruction in basic methods (the “how to”), but also to explain the benefits and limitations of each method (the “why this way?”), as well as showing how to interpret the results, what they mean, and generally to put them in the context of the discipline. Much is now expected of the science of ecology, as humankind struggles with a growing environmental crisis. Good methodology alone never solved any prob- lem, but bad or inappropriate methodology can only make matters worse. Ecologists now have a powerful and rapidly growing set of methods and tools with which to confront fundamental problems of a theoretical and applied na- ture. We hope that this series will be a major contribution towards making these techniques known to a much wider audience.