Insect Biodiversity Insect Biodiversity Science and Society Volume II Edited by Robert G. Foottit Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada Peter H. Adler Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Robert G. Foottit and Peter H. Adler to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for ISBN: 9781118945575 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: The cover art, prepared by Matthew A. Bertone (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), shows the vast morphological diversity among treehoppers based on plates by Edwin Wilson from the Biologia Centrali-Americana (sections by W. W. Fowler 1894–1896). Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Chennai, India Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Brief Table of Contents 1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1 Part I Habitats and Regions 13 2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15 3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59 4 Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands 81 5 Beneficial Insects in Agriculture: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 105 6 Insects in Caves 123 Part II Taxa 153 7 Biodiversity of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) 155 8 Biodiversity of Zoraptera and Their Little‐Known Biology 199 9 Biodiversity of Embiodea 219 10 Biodiversity of Orthoptera 245 11 Biodiversity of Phasmatodea 281 12 Biodiversity of Dermaptera 315 13 Biodiversity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea 335 14 Biodiversity of Blattodea – the Cockroaches and Termites 359 15 Biodiversity of Mantodea 389 vi Brief Table of Contents 16 Biodiversity of Psocoptera 417 17 Biodiversity of Ectoparasites: Lice (Phthiraptera) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) 457 18 Biodiversity of Thysanoptera 483 19 The Diversity of the True Hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) 501 20 The Biodiversity of Sternorrhyncha: Scale Insects, Aphids, Psyllids, and Whiteflies 591 21 Biodiversity of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera) 627 22 Biodiversity of Strepsiptera 673 23 Biodiversity of Mecoptera 705 Part III Perspectives 721 24 The Fossil History of Insect Diversity 723 25 Phenotypes in Insect Biodiversity Research 789 26 Global Change and Insect Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 801 27 Digital Photography and the Democratization of Biodiversity Information 839 28 Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Diversity Through Time 851 29 Insect Biodiversity in Culture and Art 869 Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged by Order and Family 899 Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 943 Index of non‐Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 975 Subject Index 979 vii Detailed Table of Contents List of Contributors xxiii Foreword xxix Preface, Volume II xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxv 1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1 Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit 1.1 Discovery 1 1.2 Conceptual Development 5 1.3 Information Management 6 1.4 Conclusions 7 Acknowledgments 8 References 8 Part I Habitats and Regions 13 2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15 Ian D. Hodkinson 2.1 Documenting Biodiversity – Traditional Taxonomy Versus DNA Barcoding 17 2.2 Insect Species Diversity in the Arctic 18 2.2.1 Composition of the Arctic Insect Fauna 18 2.2.2 Species Richness Trends Along Latitudinal Gradients 25 2.2.3 Geographical and Regional Variations in Species Richness 27 2.2.4 Diversity Oases Within the Arctic 28 2.3 Historical Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic – the Time Perspective 29 2.3.1 Nunataks and Glacial Refugia as Generators of Biodiversity 30 2.3.2 Endemism 31 2.4 Biodiversity on the Landscape Scale 32 2.4.1 Variation in Biodiversity on a Landscape Scale 32 2.4.2 Local Effects on Biodiversity – Predation and Natural Disturbance 34 2.5 Important Characteristics of Arctic Insect Biodiversity 35 2.5.1 Specialist Versus Generalist Species 35 2.5.2 Life‐History Adaptation 35 2.5.3 Genetic Diversity Within Species and Groups 36 2.5.4 Reproductive Variation and Parthenogenesis 36 viii Detailed Table of Contents 2.5.5 A Diversity of Adaptations for Maximizing Heat Absorption 37 2.6 Cold Tolerance – a Diversity of Adaptations 38 2.6.1 Brachyptery and Wing Polymorphism 39 2.7 Dispersal, Immigration, and Biodiversity 39 2.8 Pollinator Networks and Pollinator Biodiversity 40 2.9 A Biodiversity Paradise for Parasites? 41 2.10 Biodiversity and the Changing Arctic Climate 42 References 44 3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59 Seunghwan Lee and Ram Keshari Duwal 3.1 Physical Geography and Climate 62 3.2 Features of Insect Biodiversity in the Lower Mekong Subregion 62 3.2.1 Blattodea 70 3.2.2 Coleoptera 70 3.2.3 Dermaptera 71 3.2.4 Diptera 72 3.2.5 Embiodea 72 3.2.6 Ephemeroptera 72 3.2.7 Hemiptera 72 3.2.8 Hymenoptera 72 3.2.9 “Isoptera” 72 3.2.10 Lepidoptera 72 3.2.11 Mantodea 73 3.2.12 Mecoptera 73 3.2.13 Megaloptera 73 3.2.14 Microcoryphia and Zygentoma 73 3.2.15 Neuroptera 73 3.2.16 Notoptera (Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea) 73 3.2.17 Odonata 73 3.2.18 Orthoptera 73 3.2.19 Phasmatodea 73 3.2.20 Phthiraptera 73 3.2.21 Plecoptera 74 3.2.22 Psocoptera 74 3.2.23 Raphidioptera 74 3.2.24 Siphonaptera 74 3.2.25 Strepsiptera 74 3.2.26 Thysanoptera 74 3.2.27 Trichoptera 74 3.2.28 Zoraptera 74 3.3 Insect Biodiversity and Society in Indochina 74 3.3.1 Entomophagy in the Lower Mekong Subregion 74 3.3.2 Research Initiatives 76 3.4 Conclusions 77 Acknowledgments 78 References 78