Inquisitive Semantics OXFORDSURVEYSINSEMANTICSANDPRAGMATICS generaleditors: Chris Barker, New York University, and Christopher Kennedy, Universityof Chicago advisoryeditors: Kent Bach, San Francisco State University; Jack Hoeksema, UniversityofGroningen;LaurenceR.Horn,YaleUniversity;WilliamLadusaw,Universityof California Santa Cruz; Richard Larson,Stony Brook University; Beth Levin, Stanford University;MarkSteedman,UniversityofEdinburgh;AnnaSzabolcsi,NewYorkUniversity; GregoryWard,NorthwesternUniversity published Modality PaulPortner Reference BarbaraAbbott IntonationandMeaning DanielBüring Questions VeneetaDayal Mood PaulPortner InquisitiveSemantics IvanoCiardelli,JeroenGroenendijk,andFlorisRoelofsen inpreparation Aspect HanaFilip LexicalPragmatics LaurenceR.Horn ConversationalImplicature YanHuang Inquisitive Semantics IVANO CIARDELLI, JEROEN GROENENDIJK, AND FLORIS ROELOFSEN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,oxdp, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©IvanoCiardelli,JeroenGroenendijk,andFlorisRoelofsen Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Somerightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,forcommercialpurposes, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization. Thisisanopenaccesspublication,availableonlineanddistributedunderthetermsofa CreativeCommonsAttribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives. Internationallicence(CCBY-NC-ND.),acopyofwhichisavailableat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthislicence shouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN ––––(hbk.) ––––(pbk.) PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. General preface OxfordSurveysinSemanticsandPragmaticsaimstoconveytothereader the life and spirit of the study of meaning in natural language. Its volumesprovidedistillationsofthecentralempiricalquestionsdriving research in contemporary semantics and pragmatics, and distinguish themostimportantlinesofinquiry intothesequestions.Eachvolume offers the reader an overview of the topic at hand, a critical survey of the major approaches to it, and an assessment of what consensus (if any) exists. By putting empirical puzzles and theoretical debates intoacomprehensibleperspective,eachauthorseekstoprovideorien- tation and direction to the topic, thereby providing the context for a deeper understanding of both the complexity of the phenomena and the crucial features of the semantic and pragmatic theories designed to explain them. The books in the series offer researchers in linguis- tics and related areas—including syntax, cognitive science, computer science, and philosophy—both a valuable resource for instruction and referenceandastate-of-the-artperspectiveoncontemporarysemantic andpragmatictheoryfromtheexpertsshapingthefield. In this volume, Ivano Ciardelli, Jeroen Groenendijk, and Floris Roelofsen provide the first comprehensive introduction to Inquisitive Semantics, a theory of linguistic meaning that aims to unify the analysis of declarative and interrogative sentences. Unlike traditional models of meaning, which distinguish declaratives and interrogatives either in terms of semantic type or in terms of force, Inquisitive Semantics builds an integrated analysis of both sentence types around a particular formalization of information states, called “issues.” In the firstpartofthisbook,Ciardelli,Groenendijk,andRoelofsenlayoutthe formal foundations of the theory, showing how it provides a general representationofsemanticcontentandconversationalcontexts.Inthe secondpart,theydemonstratethegeneralityoftheframeworkbyfirst applyingittotheanalysisofmultipletypesofinterrogatives,extendingit totheanalysisofdisjunction,conditionalsandpropositionalattitudes, and finally comparing it to previous analyses of questions. With its clear exposition, detailed formalization, substantive discussion of empiricalphenomena,andcarefullyconstructedexercisesininquisitive viii general preface semantic analysis, this book provides newcomers to the framework withamuch-neededintroduction,andexperiencedresearcherswitha valuableresourceforfurtherexploringitsapplications. ChrisBarker NewYorkUniversity ChristopherKennedy UniversityofChicago Acknowledgments ThisbookhasgrownoutoflecturenotesforcoursesattheEuropeanand NorthAmericanSummerSchoolsinLogic,Language,andInformation (ESSLLI  and NASSLLI ), as well as yearly instalments of the course Logic and Conversation at the University of Amsterdam (–). We are very grateful to the students and colleagues who attended these courses and provided insightful feedback. We are espe- ciallygratefultoLucasChampollion,DonkaFarkas,andAnnaSzabolcsi for comments on various parts of the book that led to considerable improvements. Manypeoplehavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheframework presentedhere,aswillbewitnessedbynumerousreferencesthroughout thebook.Inparticular,Chaptersandhavegrownoutofclosecollab- orations with Donka Farkas and with Lucas Champollion and Linmin Zhang, respectively. These collaborations have been instrumental in shapingtheoverallargumentpresentedinthebook. We are very grateful to three anonymous OUP book reviewers for detailed, constructive feedback on the submitted version of the book manuscript,andtotheOUPeditorialstafffortheirhelpinthepublica- tionprocess. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, grant numbers -- and --) and the European Research Council(ERC,grantnumber). Sources Many of the papers referred to in this book can be accessed through www.illc.uva.nl/inquisitivesemantics/papers.Somecomputationaltools thatmighthelpthereadertobecomefamiliarwiththeframeworkpre- sentedinthebookareavailableatwww.illc.uva.nl/inquisitivesemantics/ resources. This book brings together a number of ideas and results from pre- vious publications, manuscripts, and teaching materials. Below we list the main sources for each chapter, which in some cases contain more comprehensivediscussionoftheideaspresentedhere. • Chapter:Ciardelli,Groenendijk,andRoelofsen(a) • Chapter:Roelofsen(a) • Chapter : Ciardelli (); Groenendijk and Roelofsen (); Ciardelli and Roelofsen (); Roelofsen (a); Ciardelli (d) • Chapter:Roelofsen(c,a);RoelofsenandFarkas(); FarkasandRoelofsen() • Chapter : Champollion, Ciardelli, and Zhang (); Ciardelli (b);Ciardelli,Zhang,andChampollion(c) • Chapter:CiardelliandRoelofsen(,) • Chapter:Ciardelli,Groenendijk,andRoelofsen(a);Ciardelli (b); Ciardelli and Roelofsen (a); Farkas and Roelofsen ()