STUDIES IN DIPLOMACY General Editor: G. R. Berridge, Director, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester The series was launched in 1994. Its chief purpose is to encourage original scholarship on the theory and practice of international diplomacy, including its legal regulation. The interests of the series thus embrace such diplomatic functions as signalling, negotiation and consular work, and methods such as summitry and the multilateral conference. Whilst it has sharp focus on diplomacy at the expense of foreign policy, therefore, the series has no prejudice as to historical period or approach. It also aims to include manuals on protocol and other aspects of diplomatic practice which will be of immediate, day-to-day relevance to professional diplomats. A final ambition is to reprint inaccessible classic works on diplomacy. Titles include Andrew F. Cooper (editor) NICHE DIPLOMACY Middle Powers after the Cold War David H. Dunn (editor) DIPLOMACY AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL The Evolution of International Summitry Brian Hocking (editor) FOREIGN MINISTRIES Change and Adaption Donna Lee MIDDLE POWERS AND COMMERCIAL DIPLOMACY British Influence at the Kennedy Trade Round Jan Melissen (editor) INNOVATION IN DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE M. J. Peterson RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENTS Legal Doctrine and State Practice, 1815-1995 Gary D. Rawnsley RADIO DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA The BBC and VOA in International Politics, 1956-64 Studies in Diplomacy Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71495-9 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Innovation in Diplomatic Practice Edited by Jan Me lis sen Senior Lecturer in International Relations University of Leicester ISBN 978-1-349-27272-3 ISBN 978-1-349-27270-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27270-9 * Selection and editorial matter© jan Melissen 1999 Chapters 1-13 © Macmillan Press ltd 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, london W1P OlP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE Houndmills, 8asingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 17S Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press llC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press ltd}. Outside North America Inside North America ISBN 978-0-312-21592-7 (cloth) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British library. library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Innovation in diplomatic practice I edited by jan Melissen. p. em.-(Studies in diplomacy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21592-7 (cloth) 1. Diplomacy. I. Melissen, jan. ll. Series. JZ1305.156 1998 327.2-dc21 10 9 8 7 6 s 4 3 08 07 06 OS 04 03 02 For Isabel and Eugenia Contents Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgements xii List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction, by Jan Melissen x1v 1 Reflections on the New Global Diplomacy: Statecraft 2500 BC to 2000 AD 1 Raymond Cohen Part I: Diplomacy in a World of Change 2 Catalytic Diplomacy: Beyond 'Newness' and 'Decline' 21 Brian Hocking 3 The Diplomacy of Revolutionary States 43 David Armstrong 4 The Diplomacy of Reintegration: South Africa Back into the Fold 60 Marie Muller Part II: Multiple Tracks 5 The Changing Nature of Diplomatic Negotiation 79 Paul W Meerts 6 The Influence of Informal Groups in Multilateral Diplomacy 94 Helen Leigh-Phippard 7 Unofficial Intervention: Potential Contributions to Resolving Ethno-national Conflicts 111 Nadim N. Rouhana Part III: The Media and IT 8 Monitored Broadcasts and Diplomacy 135 Gary Rawnsley vii Vlll Contents 9 Trends in Diplomatic Signalling 151 Christer Jonsson and Karin Aggestam 10 Diplomacy in the Age of Information Technology 171 Jovan Kurbalija Part IV: Unorthodox Diplomacy 11 A Bilateral Dialogue Regime: US-Vietnamese Relations after the Fall of Saigon 195 Martin Bell 12 The Role of the Diplomatic Corps: the US-North Korea Talks in Beijing, 1988-94 214 G. R. Berridge and Nadia Gallo 13 The Substitution of Conventional Diplomatic Relations: The Case of Taiwan 231 Franr;oise Mengin Index 251 Notes on Contributors Karin Aggestam is a research assistant in the Department of Pol itical Science, University of Lund, Sweden. She is writing a doc toral dissertation on negotiation and mediation in the Middle East and has published in Paradigms (University of Kent, 1996) and in the Occasional Paper series of the Leonard Davis Institute (Jerusa lem, forthcoming). David Armstrong is Professor of Politics at Durham University. His books include Revolution and World Order (1993) and International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (1996). Martin Bell received his first degree from York University and achieved a distinction in the MA in diplomatic studies at Leicester. G. R. Berridge is Director of the Centre for the Study of Diplo macy, University of Leicester. He is the author of Talking to the Enemy: How States without 'Diplomatic Relations' Communicate (1993), Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (1995), and International Politics: States, Power and Conflict since 1945 (1996, 3rd edn). Raymond Cohen is Professor and Head of the Department of In ternational Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a 1996 Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC. He is the author of Theatre of Power: The Art of Diplomatic Signalling (1987) and Negotiating Across Cultures (1997, rev. edn). Nadia Gallo did her undergraduate studies in politics and law in Turin, Italy. She was a research assistant in the Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, Leicester University. Brian Hocking is Professor in International Relations and Director of the Centre for International and European Studies at Coventry University, having worked in universities in the UK, Australia, Canada and the USA He was co-founder and first secretary of the British Australian Studies Association. Publications include World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, with M. H. Smith (1995, IX X Notes on Contributors 2nd edn) Foreign Relations and Federal States (ed., 1993); and Lo calising Foreign Policy: Non-Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy (1993). He is the editor of Foreign Ministries: Change and Adaptation (forthcoming, 1999). Christer Jonsson is Professor of Political Science at Lund Univer sity, Sweden. He has published several books and articles in the field of international negotiation and cooperation. Recent publica tions include Communication in International Bargaining (1990) and International Co-operation in response to AIDS (co-author, 1995). Jovan Kurbalija is currently the coordinator of the Course in Dip lomacy and the Head of the Unit for Information Technology and Diplomacy at the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, Malta. He is also in charge of the Diplomacy Info-Project, which has as its main objective the creation of an integrated research and teaching computer network among sister diplomatic academies and institutes. He has both an academic and professional back ground in diplomacy, international law and computer science. Helen Leigh-Phippard is a Lecturer in International Relations in the school of English and American studies at the University of Sussex. Since leaving the Diplomatic service in 1992 she has pub lished a number of articles and conference papers on the United Nations and on nuclear non-proliferation policy, and is the author of Congress and US Military Aid to Britain (1995). She is currently working on a UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) study on multilateral diplomacy at the 1995 Non-Proliferation Treaty Conference. Paul W. Meerts graduated in political science and international relations at Leiden University. He is Deputy-Director of the Neth erlands Institute of International Relations, 'Clingendael'. In addi tion to his management function, he is a trainer and consultant on diplomatic negotiations for the Institute in the Netherlands and all over the Eurasian continent. He has published various articles on this subject. Jan Melissen was educated in the Netherlands and is currently Senior Lecturer and Executive Director of the Centre for the Study of Diplomacy at the University of Leicester. He is also founding Co-