Innovation in aeronautics © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Related titles: Welding and joining of aerospace materials (ISBN 978-1-84569-532-3) Welding and joining techniques play an essential role in both the manufacture and in-service repair of aerospace vehicles and components. This important book provides in-depth information on different techniques for joining metallic and non-metallic aerospace materials and their applications. Part I reviews different types of welding such as inertia friction, laser and hybrid laser-arc welding and issues relating to their use. The second part focuses on other joining techniques such as riveting, bonding and brazing and methods of assessing their quality and effectiveness. Finally, an important appendix to this book covers linear friction welding in the aerospace industry. Introduction to aerospace materials (ISBN 978-1-85573-946-8) The structural materials used in airframe and propulsion systems infl uence the cost, performance and safety of aircraft. This essential new book is intended for undergraduate students studying aerospace and aeronautical engineering, and is also a valuable resource for postgraduate students and practising aerospace engineers. The fi rst three chapters introduce the reader to aerospace materials. The next group of chapters go on to discuss the properties, production and metallurgy of materials for aerospace structures, followed by chapters on performance issues and recycling. The fi nal chapter covers materials selection for aerospace structures and engines. Leveraging information technology for optimal aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) (ISBN 978-1-84569-982-6) Aimed at professionals in the aviation industry and students of aircraft maintenance, this book covers the use and management of technology in the aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) context. The book provides a backdrop of current trends in the industry where airlines are tending to retain their aircraft longer on the one hand, and rapidly introducing a new genre of aircraft such as the A380 and B787 into service. This book provides industry professionals and students of aviation MRO (at all levels) with the necessary principles, approaches and tools to respond effectively and effi ciently to the constant development of new technologies – both in general and within the aviation MRO profession. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained by: • visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com • contacting Customer Services (e-mail: [email protected] ; fax: +44 (0) 1223 832819; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 499140 ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK) • in North America, contacting our US offi ce (e-mail: usmarketing@ woodheadpublishing.com ; tel.: (215) 928 9112; address: Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA) If you would like e-versions of our content, please visit our online platform: www. woodheadpublishingonline.com . Please recommend it to your librarian so that everyone in your institution can benefi t from the wealth of content on the site. © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Innovation in aeronautics Edited by Trevor M. Young and Mike Hirst © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com www.woodheadpublishingonline.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.woodheadpublishingindia.com First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 except Chapter 6 © Ian Poll, 2012 and Chapter 15 © E. Murman, 2012. The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfi lming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specifi c permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936686 ISBN 978-1-84569-550-7 (print) ISBN 978-0-85709-609-8 (online) The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, UK © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Contents Contributor contact details xi 1 Introduction to innovation in aeronautics 1 T. M. YO UNG , University of Limerick, Ireland, and M. HI RST , Independent consultant, UK 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Concepts 4 1.3 Change 8 1.4 Challenges 10 Part I Concepts 13 2 Biologically inspired technologies for aeronautics 15 Y. B AR -C OHEN , Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/California Institute of Technology, USA 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Biologically inspired or independent human innovation 18 2.3 Nature as a source of innovation in aerospace 21 2.4 Biologically inspired mechanisms and systems 25 2.5 Robotics as benefi ciary of biomimetic technologies 31 2.6 Conclusion: challenges and potential development 34 2.7 Acknowledgement 34 2.8 References 35 3 Aircraft morphing technologies 37 W. W. HU EBSCH and S. D. H AMBURG, West Virginia University, and R. W. G UILER , Physical Sciences Inc., USA 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Early aircraft morphing developments 37 3.3 Keeping morphing alive – NASA research in morphing aircraft structures 38 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 vi Contents 3.4 Resurgence of morphing concepts 40 3.5 Current morphing component technologies 47 3.6 Conclusion: the future of aircraft morphing technologies 52 3.7 References 53 4 Jet engine design drivers: past, present and future 56 R. S INGH , G. A MEYUGO and F. N OPPEL , Cranfi eld University, UK 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Technological drivers 59 4.3 New challenges 64 4.4 Meeting the challenges through innovation 67 4.5 Conclusion 80 4.6 References 81 5 Innovation in avionic systems: developments underpinned by digital technologies 83 M. H IRST , Independent consultant, UK 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Cost 86 5.3 Capability 88 5.4 Demand 90 5.5 Timing 91 5.6 Future requirements 92 5.7 Current safety processes 93 5.8 The system of the future 94 5.9 The ultimate avionics computer 96 5.10 System–crew interaction 97 5.11 Conclusions 98 5.12 Further reading 99 6 The environment as the key design driver in aeronautics 100 D. I. A. P OLL , Cranfi eld University, UK 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Economic effi ciency 104 6.3 Environmental impact 104 6.4 The characteristics of the aeroplane 105 6.5 What determines the value of the energy liberated to revenue work ratio (E TRW )? 106 6.6 Observations on the E TRW 114 6.7 Aircraft performance 116 6.8 Where does it all go? Explaining the discrepancy between energy liberated and revenue work 120 6.9 Improving the discrepancy between energy liberated and revenue work 121 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Contents vii 6.10 Addressing the climate issue 128 6.11 Conclusions 129 6.12 Acknowledgements 130 6.13 References 131 7 The human factors that relate to technological developments in aviation 132 D. H ARRIS , HFI Solutions Ltd, UK 7.1 Introduction to human factors as a discipline 132 7.2 Human factors in a socio-technical system context 132 7.3 A history of human factors 134 7.4 Recent developments and current trends 141 7.5 Future trends 148 7.6 Conclusion 151 7.7 References 151 8 Innovation in supersonic passenger air travel 155 H. S MITH , Cranfi eld University, UK 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 Historical background 156 8.3 Operational issues 157 8.4 Technological issues: sonic boom 162 8.5 Technological issues: aerodynamics 173 8.6 Technological issues: airworthiness 182 8.7 Manufacturers and design organisations 183 8.8 Conclusion 189 8.9 Acknowledgement 190 8.10 References 190 Part II Change 197 9 The process of innovation in aeronautics 199 M. H ENSHAW , Loughborough University, UK 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Defi nitions and sources of confusion 200 9.3 How to measure innovation 202 9.4 The innovation process 204 9.5 Innovation environments 208 9.6 Innovation viewed as a management of knowledge problem 209 9.7 Whole systems view of innovation 211 9.8 Conclusion: innovation processes of the future 211 9.9 References 212 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 viii Contents 10 Managing innovative technology development in aeronautics: technology assessment (TA) techniques 214 R. H ENKE , RWTH Aachen, Germany 10.1 Introduction 214 10.2 Methods and limitations 216 10.3 Approach and example 219 10.4 Conclusion 223 10.5 Abbreviations 223 11 Mining the ‘far side’ of technology to develop revolutionary aircraft prototypes: the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) approach 225 J. R. WI LSON , Freelance writer, USA 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA) philosophy and structure 226 11.3 DARPA and innovation in aviation 227 11.4 Examples of DARPA innovation in aviation 227 11.5 DARPA’s aviation-related programs 230 11.6 Conclusions 231 11.7 References 232 12 Revolutionary ideas about the future of air transport 233 M. H IRST , Independent consultant, UK 12.1 The mind set to fi nd revolutionary solutions 233 12.2 Technological change 235 12.3 A framework for assessing revolutionary ideas 242 12.4 Carrying forward requirements into design 249 12.5 Telecommunications and IT in society 251 12.6 The revolution – far beyond the air vehicle 253 12.7 Further reading 259 Part III Challenges 261 13 Intellectual property, patents and innovation in aeronautics 263 D. A. M C C ARVILLE , Oregon Institute of Technology, and The Boeing Company, USA 13.1 Introduction 263 13.2 Commentary on likely future trends 264 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012 Contents ix 13.3 Creativity and innovation as a mechanism for capturing intellectual property 265 13.4 Intellectual property and patenting 271 13.5 Converting patents into products 277 13.6 Establishing patent value 279 13.7 Trends driving innovation within the commercial aerospace industry 281 13.8 The switch from aluminum to composites 282 13.9 Conception of AMP equipment 282 13.10 AMP equipment defi nitions 284 13.11 Evolution of AMP equipment 287 13.12 AMP equipment family tree 299 13.13 Conclusion 300 13.14 Sources of further information 300 13.15 References 300 13.16 Appendix: AMP acronym list 303 14 Cost, time and technical performance risk mitigation in large, complex and innovative aeronautics development projects 305 T. BR OWNING , Texas Christian University, USA 14.1 Introduction 305 14.2 Interdependence of development cost, schedule, and technical performance 306 14.3 The aspect of risk 307 14.4 An integrated decision-support model – the risk value method (RVM) 311 14.5 Example: an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) development project 313 14.6 Discussion 318 14.7 Conclusion and future trends 320 14.8 Sources of further information and advice 321 14.9 References 321 15 Innovation in aeronautics through Lean Engineering 323 E. M. M URMAN , MIT, USA 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Dynamics of innovation 325 15.3 Lean Thinking 327 15.4 Lean Thinking and aerospace 332 15.5 Lean Engineering framework 333 15.6 Tailoring Lean Engineering 351 15.7 Lean Engineering challenges 356 15.8 Summary 357 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012