Science, Technology and Innovation Studies Dirk Meissner Erkan Erdil Joanna Chataway Editors Innovation and the Entrepreneurial University Science, Technology and Innovation Studies Serieseditors LeonidGokhberg Moscow,Russia DirkMeissner Moscow,Russia Science, technology and innovation (STI) studies are interrelated, as are STI policies and policy studies. This series of books aims to contribute to improved understanding of these interrelations. Their importance has become more widely recognized,astheroleofinnovationindrivingeconomicdevelopmentandfoster- ingsocietal welfare has become almost conventional wisdom. Interdisciplinary in coverage, the series focuses on the links between STI, business, and the broader economy andsociety.Theseries includesconceptual and empirical contributions, which aim to extend our theoretical grasp while offering practical relevance. RelevanttopicsincludetheeconomicandsocialimpactsofSTI,STIpolicydesign and implementation, technology and innovation management, entrepreneurship (and related policies), foresight studies, and analysis of emerging technologies. Theseriesisaddressedtoprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesand industry,governmentandinternationalorganizations. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13398 Dirk Meissner (cid:129) Erkan Erdil (cid:129) Joanna Chataway Editors Innovation and the Entrepreneurial University Editors DirkMeissner ErkanErdil HigherSchoolofEconomics DepartmentofEconomics NationalResearchUniversity MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity Moscow,Russia Ankara,Turkey JoannaChataway SPRU,UniversityofSussex Sussex,UnitedKingdom Science,TechnologyandInnovationStudies ISBN978-3-319-62648-2 ISBN978-3-319-62649-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62649-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018934982 #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents PartI InnovationandEntrepreneurialUniversity 1 InnovationEcosystemsandUniversities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ErkanErdil,DirkMeissner,andJoannaChataway PartII TheChangingRoleofUniversitiesasEconomicActors 2 EffectsofUniversityResearchExposureonYoungCompany BehaviorandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 YannisCaloghirou,AimiliaProtogerou,andNicholasS.Vonortas 3 EntrepreneurialUniversities:TowardsaRevisedParadigm. . . . . 37 DirkMeissner 4 ImpactofPre-incubatorsonEntrepreneurialActivitiesinTurkey: Problems,Successes,andPolicyRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . 57 EmekBarıs¸ KepenekandZelihaEser 5 Catching-upandtheRoleofUniversity-IndustryCollaboration inEmergingEconomies:CaseofTurkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 HadiTolgaG€oksidan,ErkanErdil,andBarıs¸C¸akmur 6 HigherEducationInstitutionsintheKnowledgeTriangle. . . . . . . 115 MarioCervantes PartIII LocalandRegionalStrategies 7 HighGrowthFirms:APolicyOptioninTurkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 MuratDemirez 8 StakeholderRelationshipBuildingProcessesofR&DBased Startups:TheCaseofTechno-entrepreneursinTurkey. . . . . . . . . 173 ElifKalaycı v vi Contents 9 Industry-UniversityCollaborationforICTandE-Government ServiceDevelopment:LearningfromPracticeofInnovative Tu€rksat-UniversityCase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Tunc¸ MedeniandHalilYes¸ilc¸imen 10 FromaNascenttoaMatureRegionalInnovationSystem: WhatDrivestheTransition?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 MarinaRangaandSerdalTemel 11 ScientificCooperationinaGermanPolishBorderRegioninthe LightofEUEnlargement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 JuttaGünther,GresaLatifi,JudytaLubacha-Sember, andDanielT€obelmann PartIV EvolvingUniversity/IndustryCollabrationsinResponsetoNew ModesofKnowledgeProduction 12 HowWillOpenScienceImpactonUniversity/Industry Collaborations?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 JoannaChataway,SarahParks,andEltaSmith 13 ValueGenerationfromIndustry-ScienceLinkagesinLight ofTargetedOpenInnovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 DirkMeissnerandEliasCarayannis 14 TheLatentRoleofUniversitiesinBoostingInnovations: AnInformationalApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 IngaIvanova,MarkJohnson,andNikitaKrupenskiy PartV TargetingonInnovation:PotentialsandLimitsof EntrepreneurialUniversities 15 TargetingonInnovation:PotentialsandLimitsofEntrepreneurial Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 DirkMeissnerandErkanErdil Part I Innovation and Entrepreneurial University 1 Innovation Ecosystems and Universities Erkan Erdil, Dirk Meissner, and Joanna Chataway Abstract Duringthelastdecadesthenumberofuniversitiesextendingtheirinitialeduca- tion and teaching missions towards the triple helix and knowledge triangle paradigms,e.g.knowledgeandtechnologytransferandinnovationhasincreased substantially. In line with this evolution the term ‘entrepreneurial university’ became increasingly popular however until recently there is hardly a common understanding of ‘entrepreneurial universities’. The main perception of ‘entrepreneurial universities’ rests with a visible and measurable contribution ofuniversitiestoinnovationandentrepreneurshipinabroadersense.Although thisperceptionisplausibleandconvincingitraisesmanyopenquestionswhich mainlypointtouniversitygovernancemodels.Theinnovationandentrepreneur- ial university paradigm requires a holistic view on university governance approaches which include the full set of universities missions and respective managementroutines.Inthisrespectit’sofutmostimportancethatuniversities keep a “healthy balance” between their missions. This statement is frequently usedinmanyinstancesyetthusfarthereisnoclearindicationwhata“healthy balance” implies. The chapter provides first indications about entrepreneurial universitygovernanceandrespectivemanagementapproaches. E.Erdil(*) ODTU¨-TEKPOLResearchCenterandDepartmentofEconomics,MiddleEastTechnical University,Ankara,Turkey e-mail:[email protected] D.Meissner NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,Russia e-mail:[email protected] J.Chataway SPRU—SciencePolicyResearchUnit,UniversityofSussex,Brighton,UK e-mail:[email protected] #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 3 D.Meissneretal.(eds.),InnovationandtheEntrepreneurialUniversity,Science, TechnologyandInnovationStudies,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62649-9_1 4 E.Erdiletal. Keywords Entrepreneurialuniversity(cid:1)Knowledgetriangle(cid:1)Triplehelix(cid:1)Innovation(cid:1) Knowledgetransfer 1.1 Introduction Iholdalooffrompracticalpoliticsandrecognizenopurposeotherthanknowledge... JosephAloisSchumpeter TheNatureandEssenceofEconomicTheory,1908 The ever-increasing significance of knowledge for almost all societies has shapedourdailyroutinesandcreativecapacities.Theprincipalnestofknowledge in today’s world is universities. The recent decades have witnessed the changing role of universities in the so-called age of entrepreneurial university. This book aimstooutlinetheissuesassociatedwiththistransformationmovingfromtheoreti- calunderpinningstoempiricalfactsandillustratingwithvariousexamples. 1.2 Knowledge and Innovation Inthecourseofrecentdecades,knowledgehascomeincreasinglytobeviewedasa product.Yet,thecommodificationprocessofknowledgeastheoutcomeofvarious activitiesexhibitsdifferentcharacteristicsascomparedtoothercommodities.The relationshipbetweenuseandexchangevalueobservedinothercommoditieshave different peculiarities in the context ofknowledge (Meissner et al. 2013a, b). The usevalueofothercommoditiesdecreasesthroughconsumptionwhiletheprocessis completelythereverseintheuseofknowledge.Theusevalueofknowledgeusually increases as it is consumed. In order to consider knowledge as a commodity in economicsense,itshouldbeconvenienttobeexchangedinthemarket.Themain processinthiscontextisthetransformationofinformationtoknowledge.Thefinal outputofthisactivitymakestheknowledgemeasurableandassomethingthatcan materiallyvalued.Oneoftheseprocessesisthecodificationofknowledge.Knowl- edge is the deduction and transformation of information in which it creates an impact on the decisions of economic actors. As defined in Oslo Manual (OECD 2005), “An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product(goodorservice),orprocess,anewmarketingmethod,oraneworganiza- tionalmethodinbusinesspractices,workplaceorganizationorexternalrelations”. In recent history, tremendous technological change and uninterrupted speed in flowsofinformation haveledknowledgetobetreatedasthecentralmotor power of economic development and innovation as the key force of competition in the market.Thenthequestionofhowknowledgeisembeddedintheuniversitiesisnow widelythoughtaboutinrelationtothegeneralwelfareofsocieties. The concept of entrepreneurial university has emerged from this context. In additiontoclassicalmissionsofuniversity—teachingandresearch,anewmission