Contributions to Economics Samia Mohamed Nour Information and Communication Technology in Sudan An Economic Analysis of Impact and Use in Universities Contributions to Economics More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1262 Samia Mohamed Nour Information and Communication Technology in Sudan An Economic Analysis of Impact and Use in Universities SamiaMohamedNour DepartmentofEconomics UniversityofKhartoum Khartoum Sudan UNU-MERIT-SchoolofBusinessand Economics MaastrichtUniversity Maastricht TheNetherlands DepartmentofEconomics KingAbdulazizUniversity Jeddah KingdomofSaudiArabia ISSN1431-1933 ISSN2197-7178(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-13998-2 ISBN978-3-319-13999-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-13999-9 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015932459 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgements IsincerelythankAllah,myGod,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful,forenabling me to complete this post-doctoral research project successfully. I wish to thank all peoplewhohelpedmetosuccessfullycompletethisresearch. IampleasedtogratefullythankProfessorMirjamdeBruijn(theheadofAfrican Studies Center (ASC), Leiden University Research Group on ‘Connections and Transformations: The Social Construction of Linking Technologies in Africa and Beyond’), for her excellent supervision, very kind support, cooperation and for facilitation of my research visit. I am also pleased to thank the former director of ASCProfessorLeodeHaanforhiskindcooperationandfacilitationofmyresearch visit. I thank all ASC academic research staff colleagues for their cooperation; I wouldliketoespeciallythankDr.InekevanKesselandDr.LindavandeKampfor theirkindcooperationduringmyresearchvisit.IthankallASCadministrativestaff; special thanks to Ms. Marieke van Winden and Ms. Maaike Westra for their kind cooperation and administrative support during my stay at ASC. I gratefully thank ProfessorMirjamdeBruijnandDr.RijkvanDijkfortheirusefulcommentsonthe first draft of this research. I wish to thank the participants at the meeting of ASC Research Group on Connections and Transformations ‘The Social Construction of Linking Technologies in Africa and Beyond’, ASC, Leiden, the Netherlands, June 18,2009,andtheparticipantsattheUNU-MERITworkshop,October21,2011,and theparticipantattheEighthGLOBELICSInternationalConference(2010)“Making InnovationWorkfor Society: Linking, Leveragingand Learning” November1 - 3, 2010,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,fortheirusefulcommentsto improvemyresearch.IwouldliketothankMs.AnnReeves(ASC)andMs.Emma Brewin for their kind cooperation and helpin editing myresearch. I thank Madam Edith van Middelkoop for her kind cooperation and hospitality and for accommo- datingmeduringmystayasavisitingresearchfellowatASCinLeiden. IamdelightedtogratefullythankDr.PrashanthMahagaonkar(Editor,Business &Economics,Springer)andhisteamofhighqualityinternationalpublicationstaff inSpringerforexcellentcooperation,supportandfacilitationthepublicationofthis bookandpreviousbookswithSpringer. v vi Acknowledgements Theresearchpresentedinthisbookwasoriginallypreparedduringmytimeasa visiting researchfellowat the African Studies Center at the University ofLeiden, the Netherlands (May to July 2009). I am delighted to acknowledge ASC for its 3-month visiting research fellowship. The second draft of this book was revised during my time as a visiting research fellow at UNU-MERIT, Maastricht, the Netherlands. I acknowledge the host institute at UNU-MERIT, the School of Business and Economics at the University of Maastricht, for the cooperation and hospitality I received during my visiting research fellowship. I am delighted to thankProf.JoanMuyskenandProf.LucSoete. IwouldliketothankDr.Hassn HagAli,dean oftheFaculty ofEconomicand Social Studies, and Dr. Fadia Khalil, the former head of Economics Department, Khartoum University, for excellent cooperation and facilitation of my research visit. Duringthefieldworkanddatacollection,Ireceivedconsiderablehelpfrommany people. I thank Professor Sami Sharif and Dr. Eiman Abualmaaly, the former and current directors of the Information Technology and Network Administration (ITNA), Khartoum University, for their cooperation and useful information about the use of ICT in Khartoum University. I would like to thank Dr. Sumaia Abukashawa,MinsterofHigherEducationandScientificResearch,andDr.Tahany AbdullahAtia,MinisterofScienceandCommunications,fortheirhelpfulcoopera- tionconcerningtheICTuniversitysurveyquestionnaire(2009)duringtheirworkin KhartoumUniversity.IamdelightedtothankmycolleagueDr.FatmaIbnoufandall my colleagues in the Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, Dr. Layla Simsa, Dr.IbtisamSatti,Dr.DuriaAhmed,Dr.SaraKamal,Dr.AliaOsman,Prof.Mohamed Hashim Awad, Prof. Awad Alsaid alkarsani, Dr. Ahmed Elsheekh, Dr. Ibrahim Subahi, Dr. Ahmed Badawi, Dr. Elwasila Mohamed, Dr. Hisham Mohamed, Dr. Ameen Mohamed, Dr. Mahmould Abudallah, Dr. Omer Ibrahim, Dr. Saif Mustafa and colleagues at the Faculty of Law, Department of University Require- ments,FacultyofArts,FacultyofScienceandFacultyofEngineeringfortheiruseful comments,helpfulcooperationandtheirtimeinfillingintheICTuniversitysurvey questionnaire (2009). I am delighted to gratefully thank my sister Dr. Eiman Satti (SudanUniversityofScienceandTechnology),Dr.SaffaMohamedandDr.Sawsan Abdelhafiz (Al-zaim Al-azhari University), Dr. Siddig Talha (Sudan International University),Dr.SamihaMohamed(UniversityofMedicalSciencesandTechnology), Dr. Ashraf Gasim Alseed and Ms. Noha Abdelrahman (Computerman University), Ms.RasailIbrahim(JubaUniversity)andMs.SalihaAbudallah,Mr.HassanHamza andMs.WaadSallaheldin(KhartoumUniversity)fortheirtimeandhelpfulcooper- ationinthecollectionoftheICTuniversitysurveyquestionnaire(2009).Ialsothank all the respondents to the ICT university survey questionnaire. I am delighted to gratefully thank my colleagues Professor Sanaa Helal and Dr. Lobna Aboel Ela (Department of Economics, King Abdulaziz University) for their excellent cooperation. Ithankmygrandparents,myaunts,unclesandtheirfamilies.Lastbutnotleast, myeverlastinggratitude,appreciationandsinceredeepthankstomykind,beloved, wonderful mother Alawia and father Satti, my beloved sisters Rashida, Khalda, Acknowledgements vii EimanandLanaandmykindbrothersRashid,Osman,KhalidandSamiandtheir families for their sincere prayers, warm, generous, steady support and faithful encouragementofmylonglearningjourney. UNU-MERIT,Maastricht,TheNetherlands SamiaSattiOsmanMohamedNour October2014 ThiSisaFMBlankPage Executive Summary This research provides an interesting in-depth pioneering analysis of demand for andeconomicimpactofICTfromthedemandperspectiveandfrompublic–private perspectivesinpublicandprivateSudaneseuniversities.Theaimofthisresearchis threefold:first,toexaminethestatus,pattern,structure,trendanddeterminantsof the demand for ICTinpublic and privateSudaneseuniversities; second,toinves- tigatetheeconomicimpactsoftheusesofICTandthepotentialopportunitiesand challenges that ICT is expected to create for public and private Sudanese univer- sities; and third, to explain the role of ICT in facilitating the production, creation andtransferofknowledgeinSudaneseuniversities. Wefillthegapintheliterature,sinceweexaminethedemandforICTfromthe public–privateperspectiveinSudaneseuniversities.Differentfromearlierstudiesin theliteraturethatfocusesonICTfromthesupplyperspective,weprovideanewand perhaps the first study focused on ICT from the demand perspective, since we examineboththeusesandimpactsofICTinpublicandprivateSudaneseuniversities. One advantage and interesting element in our analysis is that we present a more comprehensiveanalysisfromthedemandperspectiveconcerningtheuseandimpacts ofICT at the micro level and we compare between public and private universities. Another advantage is that we examine from the demand perspective, the use and economic impacts of ICT after integrating three different perspectivesof academic teachingstaff,supportstaffandstudents.Anovelelementinouranalysisisthatwe use a new primary survey data at the micro level, which we obtained from the University Survey (2009) which we distributed randomly amongst 131 individuals in10publicandprivateSudaneseuniversitieslocatedinKhartoum. Our findings prove the first hypothesis in Chap. 1 on the presence ofsignificant public–privatedifferentialbetweenpublicandprivateuniversitiesinSudan,notonly in the general characteristics but also in the demand for and impacts of ICT. For instance,ourresultsshowthatthereportedrapidincidenceoftheobservedstructural change in the demand for ICT, knowledge about computer and Internet and the importance, structure, trend and income and price effects of the demand for the fourICTmodes,fixedtelephone,mobiletelephones,computerandInternet,seemto be more significant for private university staff compared to public university staff. ix