Clinical Gastroenterology Series Editor: George Y. Wu Russell D. Cohen Editor Infl ammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutics Third Edition CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY Series Editor George Y. Wu University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7672 Russell D. Cohen Editor Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutics Third Edition Editor Russell D. Cohen, MD, FACG, AGAF Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center The University of Chicago Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ISSN 2197-7399 ISSN 2197-7704 (electronic) Clinical Gastroenterology ISBN 978-3-319-53761-0 ISBN 978-3-319-53763-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53763-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940428 © Springer International Publishing AG 2003, 2011, 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To my wife Cheryl and my daughters Samantha and Madeline: your individual drives for greatness provide the fuel to my fire. Preface The number three has played an important role in our culture. The Bible speaks of three wise men, children sing of three blind mice, and the three musketeers have come to the rescue of many a damsel in distress. In the magical land of Oz, Dorothy met three characters while she traversed the yellow brick road, fearful of three wild creatures (lions, tigers, etc.), and she clicked her heels three magic times to get back to her beloved Kansas. Yes, Kansas. Three goals in hockey are a “hat trick”; three strikes in baseball make an out, and a triple play has been the dream of baseball infielders for generations. Three tea- spoons make a tablespoon, the three-second rule is memorized by student drivers, and, apparently, the third time’s the charm. With that illuminous backdrop, I am happy to provide to my readers the third edition of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. This third time truly is the charm, as this new edition will introduce to the readers many excit- ing new concepts in our ever-changing understanding of these challenging diseases, as well as new breakthroughs in their treatment. In the first chapter, “The New Face of IBD,” Ashwin Ananthakrishnan takes us to parts of the world where IBD was not traditionally seen and documents the stag- gered emergence of ulcerative colitis followed one to two decades later by Crohn’s disease. He also gives us insight into the potential pathogenesis of IBD with studies of populations that have migrated from low- to high-risk countries, which also may impact the application of various treatment regimens for these diseases. These prin- ciples are then picked up in the next chapter by Stephanie Coward and Gilaad Kaplan, “IBD in the New World, Old World, Your World,” in which they examine the potential impact of smoking, medications, diet, industrialization, and other hypotheses in an attempt to crack the mystery driving these diseases. And then Mark Silverberg and Sarah O’Donnell tackle the ever-expanding topic, “Do Genes Matter,” as they look not only at what we currently know about IBD genetics but what we may be using genetics for in the not-too-distant future. vii viii Preface This third edition of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics contains many more chapters to allow the readers to customize their learning experience. Clinicians are offered the latest in diagnostic studies, a full range of therapeutics, “alternative therapies,” and a sneak peek into the biosimilar revolution that is upon us. Those in the surgical fields will find chapters such as “Playing Houdini,” “New Tricks for the IBD Surgeon,” and “Do Not Fear to Ostomy” to be essential reading. Unlike most chronic diseases, IBD impacts many patients within the first few decades of life. The unique issues to these age groups are thoroughly updated in the chapters “Size Matters: The Pediatric IBD Patient” and “By the Way, I’m Pregnant,” providing invaluable information for patients and families alike. Insight into nutri- tion and diet helps guide patients (and their caregivers) in answering what is argu- ably the most common question that I hear, “Yes, but what can I eat?” Specialists of many arts may find the chapters looking at diagnostics, modern colonoscopic surveillance techniques, advances in radiographic imaging, and deci- phering histological findings in disease and dysplasia of particular interest. And for those of us practicing (or paying for) medicine in the twenty-first century, the very timely chapters regarding the role of APNs and PAs in an IBD practice, the applica- tion of quality outcomes into practice, and the modern economics of IBD amid the biologic revolution are truly “must-read” topics. So please enjoy this newest and most expanded coverage of the topics that matter in inflammatory bowel diseases. I guarantee that the collection of authors in this edition will provide an exceptional background for a wide variety of readers. I hope you enjoy! Chicago, Illinois, USA Russell D. Cohen November 2016 Contents 1 The New Face of IBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan 2 IBD in the New World, Old World, and Your World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Stephanie Coward and Gilaad G. Kaplan 3 Do Genes Matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Mark Silverberg and Sarah O’Donnell 4 State of the Art and Future Predictions: Isn’t There a Test for That? Diagnosing IBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Khadija H. Chaudrey and Edward V. Loftus Jr. 5 Not Your Grandma’s Colonoscope: Novel Endoscopic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Andrew Ross and Christopher Chapman 6 Radiology Redefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Emily Ward and Aytekin Oto 7 Prevention of Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Advanced Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Noa Krugliak Cleveland, Jami A. Kinnucan, and David T. Rubin 8 Pathological Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Le Shen and Christopher R. Weber 9 T ricks of the Trade: Treating Your Patient with Mild to Moderate Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Fernando Velayos 10 T ricks of the Trade: Treating Your Patient with Moderate-to-Severe IBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Rahul S. Dalal, Jan-Michael Klapproth, and Gary R. Lichtenstein ix x Contents 11 IBD Therapies: Coming Attractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Joel Pekow 12 The Different Drummer: Non-traditional Therapeutic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Eugene F. Yen 13 The Biosimilar Revolution: Coming to an IBD Patient Near You? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Sudarshan Paramsothy, David T. Rubin, and Remo Panaccione 14 Nutrition Matters in IBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Lisa C. Flier and Lori A. Welstead 15 Size Matters – Special Considerations in the Pediatric IBD Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Oren Koslowe and Joel R. Rosh 16 State of the Art and Future Predictions: “By the Way… I’m Pregnant” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Khadija H. Chaudrey and Sunanda V. Kane 17 Update on the Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Monika A. Krezalek, Lisa M. Cannon, and Roger D. Hurst 18 Managing the IBD Patient with Ostomy Complications . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Janice C. Colwell 19 The New Sheriffs in Town: The Role of APNs and PAs in an IBD Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Ashley A. Bochenek 20 It’s Quality, Not Quantity, That Matters … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Jason K. Hou, Corey Siegel, and Gil Melmed 21 The Economics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Laura E. Targownik and Charles N. Bernstein Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Contributors Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, MD, MPH Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Aytekin Oto Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Charles N. Bernstein, MD University of Manitoba, Section of Gastroenterology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Ashley A. Bochenek, APN, FNP IBD Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Lisa M. Cannon, MD Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Christopher Chapman, MD Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics (CERT), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Khadija H. Chaudrey, MD Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Noa Krugliak Cleveland, MD Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Janice C. Colwell, RN, MS, CWOCN, FAAN Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Stephanie Coward, MSc Department of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Rahul S. Dalal, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Lisa C. Flier Center for Care and Discovery 10470, The University of Chicago Medicine Institution, Chicago, IL, USA xi