Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 808 Rameshwar Adhikari Santosh Thapa Editors Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine II First International Conference (ICIDN-2012), Dec. 15–18, 2012, Kathmandu, Nepal Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 808 Editorial Board Irun R. Cohen, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel AbelLajtha,N.S.KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch,Orangeburg,NY,USA John D. Lambris, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Rodolfo Paoletti, University of Milan, Milan, Italy For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5584 Rameshwar Adhikari Santosh Thapa • Editors Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine II First International Conference (ICIDN-2012), Dec. 15–18, 2012, Kathmandu, Nepal 123 Editors Rameshwar Adhikari SantoshThapa Central Department ofChemistry Department of Microbiology TribhuvanUniversity TribhuvanUniversity Kathmandu Kathmandu Nepal Nepal ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic) ISBN 978-81-322-1773-2 ISBN 978-81-322-1774-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1774-9 Springer New DelhiHeidelberg NewYork Dordrecht London LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014930226 (cid:2)SpringerIndia2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface This Special Issue of Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology is devoted to the First International Conference on Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine (ICIDN) which was innovatively conceptualized by the Nepalese Association of Medical Microbiology (NAMM) and the Nepal Polymer Institute (NPI) in association with Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal to promote interdisci- plinary scientific study for systemic understanding of connections between major humandiseasesandtheirtreatmentregimebyapplyingthetoolsandtechniquesof nanotechnology. The conference organized in Park Village Hotel and Resort, Budhanilkantha,KathmandufromDecember15to18,2012,wasaccompaniedby a one-day Short Course on Recent Trends in Nanomedicine and Infectious Diseases and had the motto: Interdisciplinary Collaborative Education for Research&InnovationinBiomedicalSciences.TheICIDN-2012wasattendedby approximately 180 scientists from 21 countries including dozens of eminent scientists from throughout the globe. One of the aims of this congress was to get researchers from the fields of nanomedicine (including physics, chemistry, and engineering) and various fields of infectious diseases (including pathology, microbiology, and clinical sciences) togetheratthesamecongresstoexplorecommonground.Theconferencefocused onthemesonnanomedicinewithspecialattentiontoanticancertherapy,antibiotic resistance, and virology. The Inauguration Ceremony was attended by Rt. Hon’ble President of Nepal, Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as Chief Guest. In his inaugural address, President Yadav stressed on the role of young scientists and students in developing the nation throughscience,technology,andinnovations.HepraisedtheeffortsoftheICIDN organizers to arrange such a global scientific meeting of enormous scientific and practicalsignificanceinNepal.Theinaugurationceremonywasalsoaddressedby Prof. Geoffrey L. Smith (President of the IUMS; Head of the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, England), Prof. Jamboor K. Vishwanatha (Dean,GraduateSchoolofBiomedicalSciences,UniversityofNorthTexasHealth Science Center, USA), Prof. Surendra Raj Kafle (Vice Chancellor of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)), Prof. Ishwar Chandra Dutta (ChairmanofTribhuvan UniversityService Commission),andDr. Rajendra Koju v vi Preface (CEO, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, the representative of ViceChancelloroftheUniversity).Thecongresswasopenedformallythroughthe video lecture on Helicobacter pylori by Nobel Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall from The University of Western Australia. The conference served as a meeting point for young researchers and students with their peers and well-known scientists for making scientific contacts and exchanging their experiences. The enthusiastic participation of numerous young scientists and students from all over the world led to vivid scientific discussions during the breaks, poster sessions, as well as after the sessions. Ms. Pramila Adhikari, Ms. Manisha Pradhan, and Mr. Eak Dev Khanal were bestowed best Poster Presentation Awards (selected from total 44 presentations) during the closing ceremony. Prof. Geoffrey L. Smith (President of the IUMS) and Prof. Chirika Shova Tamrakar (Dean, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu) expressed their positive impression about the content, quality, and performance of the conference in their closing remarks. We are thankful to the IUMS delegates including President Prof. Geoffrey L.Smith(DepartmentofPathology,UniversityofCambridge,England);President ElectProf.YuanKunLee(YongLooLinSchoolofMedicine,NationalUniversity of Singapore, Singapore); Vice Presidents Prof. Stephen A. Lerner (Wayne State University School of Medicine, Michigan, USA) and Prof. Pierre J. Talbot (UniversityofQuebec,CanadaandorganizingPresidentofIUMS2014congress), and IUMS Ambassador to Asia Prof. Fusao Tomita (Hokkaido University, Japan) for their cordial support. WewouldliketoextendourspecialthankstoProf.SureshRajSharma(thenVice Chancellor of Kathmandu University) for the kind patronage of the conference. Particular thanks go to Mr. Dhurba Acharya, Mr. Radium Adhikari, Mr. Santosh Adhikari, Mr. Netra Lal Bhandari (Conference Secretary), Ms. Sulakshana Bista, Mr. Kedar Nath Dhakal, Dr. Surendra Kumar Gautam, Ms. Jyoti Giri, Mr. Khagendra Prakash K. C., Mr. Eak Raj Kadariya, Mr. Suresh Raj Kandel, Mr. Santosh Khanal, Mr. Bhuvan Khatri, Mr. Prayag Raj Kuinkel, Mr. Surendra Kumar Madhup, Mr. Rajesh Pandit (Treasurer), Mr. Tarini Prasad Paneru, Mr.ChakravartyPaudel,Ms.SharmilaPradhan,Mr.KrishnaKumarRaut,Mr.Din Dayal Regmi, and many other students and researchers affiliated to Kathmandu University, NPI as well as NAMM, and Nanochemistry and Polymer Research Group at Tribhuvan University for their untiring efforts to make ICIDN-2012 a grand success. Thanks are due to the members of National and International AdvisoryBoardsfortheirvaluablefeedbackandsupport. The financial support to the congress was generously granted by the Nepal Polymer Institute (NPI), Kathmandu University, University Grants Commission (UGC), National School of Sciences (NSS), Lainchour; Kantipur College of Medical Sciences(KCMS),Sitapaila,andNationalHealthCareLtd.,Kathmandu. Thisconferencehasdefinitelysensitizedtheyoungscientistsandstudentsfrom Nepal toward strengthening Research and Education in various avenues of Preface vii nanomedicine, infectious diseases, virology, and antibiotic resistance. The con- gressishopedtobeamilestoneinpromotingeducationandresearchesinthefield ofmicrobiology,drugdelivery,andbiomedicalsciencesinparticularfosteringour endeavors in sustainable applied Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nepal. WetakethisopportunitytothankMr.AnindaBoseandDr.TobiasWasserman fromSpringerpublicationfortheirinterestandcordialsupportinbringingoutthis special issue. Rameshwar Adhikari Santosh Thapa Contents Bacterial Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) Disinfectants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Robert Bragg, Arina Jansen, Marisa Coetzee, Wouter van der Westhuizen and Charlotte Boucher Immunological Markers that Correlate with Protection Immunity Against Tularemia Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Victoria V. Firstova, Alexander N. Mokrievich, Vitalii M. Pavlov, Aleksey A. Gorbatov, Tatiana I. Kombarova, Sergey F. Biketov and Ivan A. Dyatlov Application of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bijaya Pant Microbial Pathogenicity: A New Approach to Drug Development. . . . 41 Ananda M. Chakrabarty Current Trend on Syphilis Diagnosis: Issues and Challenges. . . . . . . . 51 Muhammad G. Morshed Rapid Spreading and Immune Evasion by Vaccinia Virus . . . . . . . . . 65 Geoffrey L. Smith ix x Contents Nanonization Increases the Antileishmanial Efficacy of Amphotericin B: An Ex Vivo Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Krishna Das Manandhar, Thakur Prasad Yadav, Vijay Kumar Prajapati, Om Basukala, Ram Prasad Aganja, Anuradha Dude, Onkar Nath Shrivastav and Shyam Sundar Editors Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Contributors Rameshwar Adhikari Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal; Nepal Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 24411, Kathmandu, Nepal Ram Prasad Aganja Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan Univer- sity, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Lucia Baldi Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Anastasia Baranova State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia, 142279 Evgenia Baranova State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia, 142279 Om Basukala Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Sergey F. Biketov State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia, 142279 Charlotte Boucher Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotech- nology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Robert Bragg Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Élodie Brison Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand- Frappier,Institutnationaldelarecherchescientifique,UniversitéduQuébec,531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada Ananda M. Chakrabarty Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835, South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA xi