Encyclopedia of Pathology Series Editor: J.H.J.M. van Krieken Paul Hofman Editor Infectious Disease and Parasites Encyclopedia of Pathology SeriesEditor J.H.J.M.vanKrieken Thescopeofthis15–20-volumesetencompassestheentirefieldofpathology ranging from general pathological terms to specific diseases to diagnostic methods. Published as print edition and online version (eReference) in the Springer Reference Program, each volume sticks out by clearly and homogenously structured entries. A team of international experts guarantee thattheessaysanddefinitionsarescientificallysound.TheA-Zformatallows searchingfor a word while the reader does not need toknow towhat patho- logicalspecialitythetermbelongsto.Themajoradvantageoftheencyclope- diaisthewayitmakesrelevantinformationavailablenotonlytopathologists butalsotoallcliniciansandresearchersoftheneighboringdisciplinesworking together with pathologists who occasionally might wish to look up terms online. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14876 Paul Hofman Editor Infectious Disease and Parasites With 371 Figures and 10 Tables Editor PaulHofman LaboratoryofClinicalandExperimentalPathology andPasteurHospital UniversityofNiceSophiaAntipolis Nice,France ISBN978-3-319-30008-5 ISBN978-3-319-30009-2(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-30010-8(printandelectronicbundle) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-30009-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016937422 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Dedicated to Els, Lotte, Bas and Wouter who are my inspiration J.H.J.M. van Krieken Thisbookisdedicatedtomywonderfulwife,Véronique,andour lovely children, Alice and Louis, whose support and tolerance overtheyearshavemademyworkalwayspossible.Theyallowed metotaketimeIwouldotherwisehavespentwiththemtodevote to finishing this book. Also, I am strongly grateful to my mother and my father for showing me the way in my life. Paul M. Hofman Series Preface WhenDenisDiderotstartedthefirstencyclopediaintheeighteenthcentury,it wasagroundbreakingandtimelyevent.ItwasthetimeoftheEnlightenment, andknowledgewasseenassomethingwhichwastobespreadtomanyandto builduponbycreatingnewknowledge.Hisambitionwastobringallavailable knowledgetogetherinoneseriesofbookssothateverypersonwhocouldread has access to all there is to know. Nowadays, in a time of easily accessible knowledge,thequestioniswhetherthereisstillneedofanencyclopedia.Itis obviousthattheamountofknowledgeissuchthatitisnotpossibletobringit all together in one encyclopedia. One may argue that the Internet is the encyclopediaoftoday,butthatmissesanimportantpointofDiderot,apoint that is probably even more valid today. He created a team that valued infor- mationandselectedwhatwasworthtobepresentedintheencyclopedia.He recognizedthatscienceisnotademocraticprocesswherethemajoritydecides whatistrueandvaluable,butratheragrowing bodyofknowledgeinwhich radical ideas from individuals may bring about huge changes, even though mostwouldrejectthesenewideasinthebeginning.Indeed,theInternetlacks suchauthorityanditisnoteasytoselectvaluableinformationfromnonsense, especiallywhenoneisnotanexpertinacertainfield. Itisthereforethatanencyclopediaisonlyasgoodastheteamthatcreatesit. It goes without saying the team that is responsible for the Encyclopedia of Pathologyconsistsofrecognizedexpertsinthefield.Pathologyisagrowing medical discipline in which the amount of information is probably already more than that the whole encyclopedia of Diderot contained. For experts in subspecialties within pathology, it is already almost impossible to keep an overviewonnewdevelopmentsandtoselectrelevantfromlessrelevantnew information. There are plenty of textbooks for every disease group, and scientific literature is available for most pathologists through PubMed or GoogleScholar. What is lacking is a systematic overview of what we know inanalphabeticalorder,easilyaccessibletoall.TheEncyclopediaofPathol- ogyfillsthatgap.Itiswrittenbyexpertswiththegeneralpathologistinmind andalsospecialistfromotherdisciplines.Itwillconsistofaseriesofvolumes on subspecialties, and when it is completed there will be an online version combining these. Yearly updates from the online version is foreseen and readers are welcome to provide suggestions for improvement. These will be vii viii SeriesPreface judgedbytheeditorialteaminordertokeeptheencyclopediaauthoritativeyet usingtheexpertiseofmany. Finally,itismyhopethattheencyclopediawillgrowintoareliablebodyof knowledge in pathology, enabling communication though a common lan- guage,andthatitwillgrowandadapttonewdevelopments. Nijmegen,theNetherlands J.H.J.M.vanKrieken February2016 Volume Preface The great number of microbes that cause human infectious diseases pose a permanentchallengetotheclinicalpathologists,inparticularthenewgener- ation of younger pathologists. The solicitation for pathology infectious dis- eases diagnostic expertise is continually growing due to different reasons. First, there is still an increase in human immunodeficiency virus infection prevalence rate but also in opportunistic infections in patients having trans- plantation,chemotherapy,andimmunotherapy.Moreover,astrongincreasein imported infectious diseases is more and more noted in travelers and immi- grants. Finally, taking care of emergent or reemergent infectious disease diagnosis is always a new challenge for the clinical and molecular patholo- gists.Despitetheincreasingroleofthemicrobiologylaboratoriesindiagnos- ing accurately infectious diseases and in establishing the drug therapy efficiency against microbes, the pathology work is certainly the only tool to correlatethepresenceofaninfectiousagentanditstissueandcellularpatho- genicity. In this regard, it is pivotal that surgical and molecular pathologists keepgoingtoholdsuitablecompetenceinbothpathology/cytopathologyand microbiology when working in the fieldof infectious diseasepathology. For thepathologists,infectiousdiseaseexpertiserequiresboththeunderstanding of the morphological criteria allowing the microbe’s identification and the taxonomyandclassificationofthepathogens.Moreoverpathologistsneedto know and be able to use the ancillary methods and the tools allowing the detection of pathogens in fixed samples (e.g., immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction). However, the clinical and molecularpathologistshavetointegratedifferentparametersfortheirdiagno- sisininfectiousdiseasefield:theclinicalandepidemiologicalparameters,the information concerning potential available specific treatment, and the limits andadvantagesofbothpathologyandmicrobiology. Numerousextensivetextbooksarecurrentlyavailableinwhichinfectious diseases are adequately described in detail in terms of their clinical expres- sions, of their morphological descriptions, and the in vitro characteristics of theiretiologicagents.Thistakesnoaccountofthefactthatthevastmajorityof pathologists are involved in an essential practical field of general diagnostic pathologyprovidinganimportantservicetotheirclinicalcolleagues.Manyof thepathologistsareexpectedtocoverabroadrangeofdisciplines,andeven those who remain solely within the field of clinical pathology usually have singleandsoleresponsibilitywithinthehospitalforallthiswork.Theymay ix