INDUSTRIALIZATIONIN NINETEENTH-CENTURYEUROPE Also available from Longman by Tom Kemp: Historical Patterns ofIndustrialization (Second edition 1992) Industrialization in theNon-Western world (Second edition 1989) Industrialization inNineteenth-Century Europe (Second edition 1985) The Climax ofCapitalism (1990) Industrialization in nineteenth-century Europe SECONDEDITION Tom Kemp ~ ~~o~~~~n~~~up LONDON AND NEWYORK Firstpublished1969byAddisonWesleyLongmanLimited Tenthimpression1982 Secondedition1985 Twelfthimpression1997 Published2013byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017,USA RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, aninformabusiness Copyright©1969,1985,Taylor&Francis. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorre producedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechani cal,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includ ingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorage orretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers. Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychang ing.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstand ing,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownex perienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinforma tion,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfulof theirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesfor whomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheau thors'contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascon tainedinthematerialherein. ISBN13:978-0-582-49384-1(pbk) British Library CataloguinginPublicationData Kemp,Tom Industrializationinnineteenth-century Europe.- 2nd ed. 1.Europe-Industries-History I.Title 338.094 HC240 LibraryofCongressCatalogingin PublicationData Kemp,Tom Industrializationinnineteenth-centuryEurope. Bibliographical:p, Includes index. 1.Europe-Industries-History-19thcentury. I.Title. HC240.K39 1985 338.094 84-15483 ISBN 0-582-49384-6(pbk.) Contents Preface VB Prefacetothesecondedition X 1 BritishandEuropeanindustrialization 1 2 Agrarianrevolutionand industrialization 3322 3 Frencheconomicdevelopment- aparadox? 4499 4 Therise ofindustrialGermany 7788 5 ThemodernizationofTsaristRussia 114 6 Italy- thedisadvantagedlatecomer 149 7 Britain 1870-1914:apioneerunderpressure 168 Appendix 189 Bibliographicalnote 193 Referencesandquotations 210 Index 212 This page intentionally left blank Preface This book is intended as a guide for the specialist undergraduate or postgraduatestudentofEuropeaneconomichistory. It thereforetakes for granted on the reader's part much of the factual knowledge imparted by existing textbooks anddirects hisattention principally to problemsofinterpretation. Itembarksupon this by puttingforward a synthesisandexplanationofitsown. Inthis waythe studentorgeneral reader is offered a coherent view ofthe field covered and isinvited to furtherstudy. The main themeofthe following chapters isthe industrializationof theEuropeancountriesin the nineteenthcentury. Thestartingpointis theIndustrialRevolutioninBritain, butthis isdealtwithonlyto bring out its salient features and to offer a standard ofcomparison when dealing with industrialization in other national settings. To France, Germany,RussiaandItaly thesamesynthetictreatmentisapplied.This is not becausetheauthorisinclinedto believethatthebigquestions in the economic history of these countries have been solved: on the contrary most ofthem are still very open. It is considered, however, thatit isusefulto offerthe studentsomefirm hypothesesto beginwith ratherthanto confusehimwithamass ofperhapsconflictingdataand a diversityofviews. Becausemanyeconomichistoriansareunwillingto committhemselvesonmanyofthelargermattersofinterpretation- for reasons which may in themselves be sound- the student is frequently baffled and finds himselfat seaamidstaswellingmass ofmonographs andarticles. Here, then,isanattempttobringhimalifelineon whichhe can steady himselfto deal with the flood ofconflicting opinion and detailedresearchwhichwilllaterconfronthim. TheemphasisonEuropeaneconomichistoryisintendedto counter act whatappears to beadistinctlyinsulartrendinmuchofthe teaching which takes place in Britishuniversitiesatthe presentday. Probablyin no other country in the world has the discipline ofeconomic history VB Industrializationinnineteenth-centuryEurope assumedsuchan importantplace in theuniversities, yet interestin the economichistoryofothercountriesisnotverystrong. As can be seen from thebibliography, thereis remarkablylittlewritingin Englishon the economic history ofcountries which have been so important for Britain as, for example, Germany. Practically no research has been doneontheeconomichistoryofnineteenth-centuryEuropeby British economic historians until comparatively recent years. Yet asstudy of the British industrial revolution proceeds it becomes increasingly apparent that it cannotbe understood in isolation from developments outside the British Isles, or without fuller study ofcomparable pro cesseselsewhere. Suchastudyshouldbeginwiththosecountrieswhich were nearest to Britain geographically as well as in their cultural heritage. PerhapsnoaspectofmodemEuropeanhistoryhasbeenmore neglected than the economic side, yet recent political, as well as economic, developmentsshowhowdangerousthisignorancecanbe. It may seem that this book gives the reader ready-made opinions. Thatisnottheintention.Presentedwithafirminterpretationheisbeing called upon at the same time to think about it and, ifhe is curious enough, as he shouldbe, to test it. Inany case, he will need to refer to other works for description and narrative and in the bibliography his attention is called to the principal books and articles in which the problemsmaybeconsideredfurther. Asanadditionalaidtoorientation in study and research a list ofproblems for further investigation, or perhaps for classroom discussion, has been placed at the end ofeach chapter. Theproblemsthemselveshavenotnecessarilybeendealtwith adequately in the text, buthelp in pursuing them will be found in the itemsin thebibliography. Chronologicallythetreatmentislimitedto thepre-1914period. The justification for this is that the main emphasis ison the conditions in which the foundations were laid for industrialization, not with the further working out ofthe process ofeconomic growth in advanced industrialsocieties. Furthermore, the First WorldWar markedthe end ofadistinctiveera in Europeaneconomichistoryand broughtontothe scene a complex of new problems which changed considerably the character ofthe next period. There are more books available to the student dealing with this later period than for the nineteenth century, yet an understanding ofthe problems ofcurrent economic develop ment requires a firm foundation in nineteenth-century economic history. It was in this period that the economies ofEurope assumed their specific characteristics and direction; their subsequent problems were set and in large measure worked out under the shadow oftheir earlier history. In the case ofBritain, for example, it is impossible to VIll Preface approach the current problemsofthe economywithout searching for theirhistoricalrootswhich, asshownin Chapter7,laywell backin the nineteenthcentury. Perhaps, too, afuller understandingofhistorywill not only showwhatisnewon the contemporaryeconomicscene, but will also reveal the constants in the economic and social life ofthe various countries which have to be taken into consideration at the presenttime. Insomewaysitistruethattheexigencies ofindustrialism and urban living tended to make the advanced countries ofthe world more alike, but underneath appearances they retain specific features derived from their history which these chapters maydo something to demonstrateandexplain. Note tothereader As this does not claim to be a work oforiginal research or erudition footnotes have been avoided. Its principalsourcesin English are indi cated in the Bibliography. The sources ofquotations used in the text andtheworksofauthorsmentionedby namewill befoundonpage. IX