IndustrialCarbonandGraphiteMaterials Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials RawMaterials,ProductionandApplications Editedby HubertJägerandWilhelmFrohs Volume1 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials RawMaterials,ProductionandApplications Editedby HubertJägerandWilhelmFrohs Volume2 Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCH arecarefullyproduced.Nevertheless, Prof.Dr.HubertJäger authors,editors,andpublisherdonot TechnicalUniversityDresden warranttheinformationcontainedin InstituteofLightweightEngineeringand thesebooks,includingthisbook,to PolymerTechnology befreeoferrors.Readersareadvised Holbeinstr.3 tokeepinmindthatstatements,data, 01307Dresden illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother Germany itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Dr.WilhelmFrohs LibraryofCongressCardNo.: SGLCarbonGmbH appliedfor Werner-von-Siemens-Str.18 86405Meitingen BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Germany Data Acataloguerecordforthisbookis Covercredits availablefromtheBritishLibrary. Coverpictureskindlyprovidedby SGLCARBONGmbH,Meitingen Bibliographicinformationpublishedby Germany theDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliotheklists thispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2021WILEY-VCHGmbH,Boschstr. 12,69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).No partofthisbookmaybereproducedin anyform–byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans–nor transmittedortranslatedintoa machinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers. Registerednames,trademarks,etc.used inthisbook,evenwhennotspecifically markedassuch,arenottobe consideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN: 978-3-527-33603-6 ePDFISBN: 978-3-527-67403-9 ePubISBN: 978-3-527-67405-3 oBookISBN: 978-3-527-67404-6 CoverDesign Formgeber,Mannheim, Germany Typesetting SPiGlobal,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Volume1 Preface xxiii 1 Introduction:TheFutureofCarbonMaterials–The IndustrialPerspective 1 HubertJäger,WilhelmFrohs,andTiloHauke 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 TraditionalCarbonandGraphiteMaterials 2 1.3 ModernApplicationofCarbonMaterials 12 1.4 FutureApplicationofCarbonMaterials 18 1.5 Conclusion 20 2 TheElementCarbon 21 WilhelmFrohsandHubertJäger 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Diamond 28 2.3 Graphite 28 2.4 Non-graphiticCarbon 29 2.5 CarbyneandChaoite 29 2.6 NanoformsofCarbon 30 References 30 FurtherReading 31 3 HistoryofCarbonMaterials 33 GerdCollin 3.1 OriginofElementalCarbon 33 3.2 FormationandEconomicDevelopmentofNaturalDiamonds 34 3.3 FormationandUseofNaturalGraphite 34 3.4 HistoryofCharcoalfromWoodandCokefromCoal 35 3.5 HistoryofCarbonBlack 35 3.6 HistoryofActivatedCarbon 38 3.7 DevelopmentofSyntheticGraphite 38 3.8 DevelopmentofSyntheticDiamonds 39 3.9 DevelopmentofCarbonFibers 39 vi Contents 3.10 DiscoveryandInventionsofNanocarbons:Fullerenes,Nanotubes, andGraphene 40 References 42 4 RecommendedTerminologyfortheDescriptionof CarbonasaSolid(©1995IUPAC) 45 E.Fitzer,K.-H.Köchling,H.P.Böhm,andH.Marsh ListofTerms 45 DescriptionoftheTerms 48 AcetyleneBlack 48 Description 48 Notes 48 AchesonGraphite 48 Description 48 Notes 48 ActivatedCarbon 49 Description 49 Notes 49 ActivatedCharcoal 49 Description 49 AgranularCarbon 49 Description 49 Notes 49 AmorphousCarbon 49 Description 49 Notes 50 ArtificialGraphite 50 Description 50 Notes 50 Baking 50 Description 50 Binder 50 Description 50 BinderCoke 51 Description 51 Notes 51 BrooksandTaylorStructureintheCarbonaceousMesophase 51 Description 51 Notes 51 BulkMesophase 51 Description 51 Notes 52 CalcinedCoke 52 Description 52 Notes 52 Carbon 52 Description 52 Contents vii Notes 52 CarbonArtifact 52 Description 52 Notes 52 CarbonBlack 53 Description 53 Notes 53 Carbon–CarbonComposite 53 Description 53 CarbonCenospheres 53 Description 53 CarbonCloth 53 Description 53 Notes 54 CarbonElectrode 54 Description 54 Notes 54 CarbonFelt 54 Description 54 Notes 54 CarbonFiber 54 Description 54 Notes 55 CarbonFiberFabrics 55 Description 55 CarbonFibersTypeHM 55 Description 55 Notes 55 CarbonFibersTypeHT 55 Description 55 Notes 56 CarbonFibersTypeIM 56 Description 56 Notes 56 CarbonFibersTypeLM(LowModulus) 56 Description 56 Notes 56 CarbonFibersTypeUHM 57 Description 57 CarbonMaterial 57 Description 57 Notes 57 CarbonMix 57 Description 57 CarbonWhiskers 57 Description 57 CarbonaceousMesophase 57 viii Contents Description 57 Notes 58 Carbonization 58 Description 58 Notes 58 CatalyticGraphitization 58 Description 58 Notes 58 Char 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Charcoal 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Coal-DerivedPitchCoke 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Coal-TarPitch 60 Description 60 Notes 60 Coalification 60 Description 60 Notes 60 Coke 60 Description 60 Notes 60 CokeBreeze 61 Description 61 ColloidalCarbon 61 Description 61 Notes 61 DelayedCoke 61 Description 61 Notes 61 DelayedCokingProcess 61 Description 61 Notes 62 Diamond 62 Description 62 Notes 62 DiamondbyCVD 62 Description 62 Notes 62 Diamond-LikeCarbonFilms 63 Description 63 Notes 63 Electrographite 63 Contents ix Description 63 ExfoliatedGraphite 63 Description 63 Notes 64 FibrousActivatedCarbon 64 Description 64 Notes 64 FibrousCarbon 64 Description 64 FilamentousCarbon 64 Description 64 Notes 64 Filler 65 Description 65 FillerCoke 65 Description 65 Notes 65 FluidCoke 65 Description 65 Notes 65 Fullerenes 66 Description 66 Notes 66 FurnaceBlack 66 Description 66 Notes 66 Gas-Phase-GrownCarbonFibers 66 Description 66 Notes 66 Glass-LikeCarbon 67 Description 67 Notes 67 GranularCarbon 67 Description 67 Notes 67 GrapheneLayer 67 Description 67 Notes 68 Graphite 68 Description 68 Notes 68 GraphiteElectrode 68 Description 68 GraphiteFibers 68 Description 68 Notes 69 GraphiteMaterial 69 x Contents Description 69 Notes 69 GraphiteWhiskers 69 Description 69 Notes 69 GRAPHITICCARBON 70 Description 70 Notes 70 GraphitizableCarbon 70 Description 70 Notes 70 Graphitization 70 Description 70 Notes 70 GraphitizationHeatTreatment 71 Description 71 Notes 71 GraphitizedCarbon 71 Description 71 Notes 71 GreenCoke 71 Description 71 Notes 72 HardAmorphousCarbonFilms 72 Description 72 HexagonalGraphite 72 Description 72 Notes 72 High-PressureGraphitization 72 Description 72 HighlyOrientedPyrolyticGraphite 73 Description 73 Notes 73 IsotropicCarbon 73 Description 73 Notes 73 IsotropicPitch-BasedCarbonFibers 73 Description 73 Notes 73 LampBlack 74 Description 74 MesogenicPitch 74 Description 74 MesophasePitch 74 Description 74 Notes 74 MesophasePitch-BasedCarbonFibers 74