How to go to your page This eBook is a 2 volume set. The front matter and content of each book have their own page numbering scheme, consisting of a volume number and a page number, separated by a colon. For example, to go to page 18 of Volume 1, type “I:18” in the "page #" box at the top of the screen and click "Go." To go to page “123” of Volume 2, type “II:123”… and so forth. Please refer to the eTOC for further clarification. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans W Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 80 Editor Werner Winter Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture Parti The Text by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze Vjaceslav V. I vano ν with a Preface by Roman Jakobson f English version by Johanna Nichols Edited by Werner Winter Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1995 Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. © Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Gamqrelize, T'amaz. [Indoevropeïskiï îâzyk i indoevropeifsy. English] Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans : a reconstruction and historical analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-cul- ture / by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vjaceslav V. Ivanov ; with a preface by Roman Jakobson ; translated by Johanna Nichols ; edited by Werner Winter. p. cm. — (Trends in linguistics. Studies and mono- graphs ; 80) Contents: v. 1. The structure of Proto-Indo-European - V. 2. Semantic dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European language and reconstruction of the Indo-European Proto-culture. ISBN 3-11-009646-3 (set : alk. paper) 1. Proto-Indo-European language. 2. Indo-Euro- peans. I. Ivanov, Viâcheslav Vsevolodovich. II. Winter, Werner, 1923 — . III. Title. IV. Series. P572.G3613 1995 415—dc20 94-43234 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Caluloging-in-Publicatum-Data Gamqrelije, T'amaz: Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans : a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture / by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Transi, by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter. - Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter. Einheitssacht.: Indoevropejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy (engl.) NE: Ivanov, Vjaceslav V.: Pt. 1. The text. - 1995 (Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs ; 80) ISBN 3-11-009646-3 NE: Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs © Copyright 1994 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan- ical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publisher. Printing: Ratzlow-Druck, Berlin. Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer, Berlin. Printed in Germany. To the memory of our teachers: Mixail Nikolaeviâ Peterson (1885-1962) Georgi Axvlediani (1887-1973) Georgi Cereteli (1904-1973) Authors' Preface The second half of the twentieth century has been marked, in the history of linguistics, by a growth of interest in problems of diachronic linguistics, motivated by the general evolution of linguistic thought in recent decades. Overcoming the Saussurean antinomy of diachrony and synchrony, linguistic science is moving toward a theory with greater explanatory power than purely taxonomic synchronic grammar offers. The growth of interest in diachronic linguistics has fostered a return to questions that arose in classical Indo-European comparative-historical linguis- tics, questions that can be posed more clearly now with the aid of new methods of linguistic description developed by various trends in synchronic linguistics and by linguistic typology. Typology is particularly important to contemporary linguistics because it makes it possible to reveal the universal linguistic cat- egories that characterize the deep structures of language, and also to determine the degree of diversification between various language systems. Furthermore, language is a social phenomenon and a part of human culture and therefore closely connected to other aspects of culture. Therefore, both synchronically and diachronically language must be studied together with the other aspects of culture that make up the subject matter of modern cultural anthropology. This book presents the results of our joint comparative research into the Indo- European languages and the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European that gave rise to the attested Indo-European languages. Indo-European is studied in this approach in typological comparison to other languages, in particular the geographically adjacent ones with which Proto-Indo-European must have interacted for a long period of time. The first part of the book presents the results of linguistic analysis — phonological, morphological, syntactic, and areal-dialectological — of Proto- Indo-European. This does not mean that the analysis should be viewed as a systematic survey of the various branches of comparative Indo-European grammar, as is done in the standard handbooks. Rather, the first part is a study of key questions of Proto-Indo-European structure, involving a wide range of facts and yielding a relatively complete picture of this language in its dynamic development and its typological links to other language systems. The second part gives a relatively full investigation of the Proto-Indo- European lexicon, presented by semantic groups, as well as fragments of Indo- European culture that can be reconstructed from the lexicon; it also describes the culture-historical links of the Indo-European lexicon to a number of languages of ancient Eurasia. This is properly a dictionary of Proto-Indo- viii Author's Preface European lexemes presented not in alphabetical order (that can be found in the indexes) but in order of semantic groupings. In contrast to the well-known Indo- European dictionary of Pokorny, in our semantic dictionary each entry presents not only the formal correspondences between cognates which make possible the reconstruction of a protoform, but also the phenomena of material and intellec- tual culture that are connected with the root in the individual daughter tradi- tions. On this basis a reconstruction is then given for the Proto-Indo-European level. The final section presents the results of research into the linguistic and culture-historical data relevant to determining the Indo-European homeland and the migratory routes taken by the Indo-European tribes across the Eurasian continent to their historically attested locations. The range of questions surveyed here should be of interest not only to linguists but also to historians, archeologists, anthropologists, and historians of culture. Given the specialized nature of some parts of the book, especially its linguistic parts, readers may wish to read chapters in various orders depending on their interests. The second part of the book, where culture-historical problems are analyzed from a linguistic perspective, and the final section on migrations can be read without reading the first part (except where explicit cross-references are made). The final section, on migrations, is essentially self- standing and can be read without the others, although the semantic dictionary will be useful for more detailed understanding of the histories of the individual words that support the historical arguments in the final section. Linguists, on the other hand, may wish to read only the first part and skip the factual details of the second part. Still, the two parts are organically linked, as will be evident, and this is why they are covered by joint indexes. These can be used as a guide or word index by readers interested in particular questions discussed in the book. The book is the result of joint research begun in 1970. It was produced not by assembling separate chapters written individually by one or the other author, but jointly, by laying out together the conclusions and results of many years of collaborative research that involved joint analysis of particular problems and joint formulations of results. Throughout the time when the research was being done and the book written, publications have appeared that have been consistent with our claims. Insofar as possible we have taken these into account in the text and bibliography, in the conviction that the sheer quantity of agreement is the strongest confirmation of our analysis. The most recent literature, especially works that appeared in 1983, could generally be taken into consideration only in the Afterword, which surveys some works that directly address or respond to our claims (see also the section entitled 'Addenda and corrigenda' in the Russian original, pp. 1317ff.). We are pleased to express our gratitude to those who have been involved in