indigenous cities Indigenous Cities Urban Indian Fiction and the Histories of Relocation laura m. furlan University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Acknowledgments for the use of copyrighted material appear on page 221, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data Names: Furlan, Laura M., author. Title: Indigenous cities: urban Indian fiction and the histories of relocation / Laura M. Furlan. Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2017021814 (print) lccn 2017034458 (ebook) isbn 9781496202727 (epub) isbn 9781496202734 (mobi) isbn 9781496202741 (pdf) isbn 9780803269330 (hardback: alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: American fiction— Indian authors— History and criticism. | Indians in literature. | Cities and towns in literature. | City and town life in literature. | Indians of North America— Ethnic identity. | bisac: literary criticism / Native American. Classification: lcc ps153.i52 (ebook) | lcc ps153.i52 f87 2017 (print) | ddc 810.9/897— dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017021814 Set in Scala by Rachel Gould. Designed by N. Putens. And Coyote blues- ing on the urban brown funk vibe wanders in and out of existence tasting the brown rusty at times worn bitter from relocation. — Esther G. Belin, “Blues- ing on the Brown Vibe” contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. An Indigenous Awakening 37 2. The Urban Ghost Dance 75 3. Roots and Routes of the Hub 131 4. The City as Confluence 169 Epilogue 213 Source Acknowledgments 221 Notes 223 Bibliography 279 Index 317 illustrations 1. Scene from Hill X from The Exiles by Kent Mackenzie 5 2. “Reservation” scene from The Exiles by Kent Mackenzie 11 3. Metropolitan Indian Series #2 by Hulleah J. Tsinhnahjinnie 38 4. Re- Membering by René García and John Jota Leaños 70 5. Front view of Day/Night by Hock E Aye Vi Edgar Heap of Birds 81 6. Reverse view of Day/Night by Hock E Aye Vi Edgar Heap of Birds 82 7. Alley Allies from Richard Ray Whitman’s Street Chiefs series 128