I n dI a n ConquIstadors INDIGENOUS ALLIES IN thE CONqUESt Of MESOAMErICA EdItEd by Laura E. MatthEw and MIChEL r. oudIjk Indian Conquistadors Indian Conquistadors Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica Edited by Laura E. Matthew and Michel R. Oudijk University of Oklahoma Press : Norman Also by Michel R. Oudijk: Historiography of the Bènizàa: The Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods, 1000–1600 A.D.(Leiden, The Netherlands, 2000) (with Maarten Evert Reinoud Gerard Nicolaas and Peter Kröfges) The Shadow of Monte Alban: Politics and Historiography in Postclassic Oaxaca, Mexico(Leiden, The Netherlands, 1998) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Indian conquistadors : indigenous allies in the conquest of Mesoamerica / edited by Laura E. Matthew and Michel R. Oudijk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. isbn978-0-8061-3854-1(hardcover : alk. paper) 1. New Spain—History, Military—16th century. 2. Indians of Mexico—Government relations. 3. Indians of Central America—Government relations. I. Matthew, Laura E. II. Oudijk, Michel R. f1231.i53 2007 323.1197—dc22 2007012428 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. ∞ Copyright © 2007by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Contents List of Figures vii List of Maps ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: The Genre of Conquest Studies 5 Susan Schroeder Chapter 1. Mesoamerican Conquistadors in the Sixteenth Century 28 Michel R. Oudijk and Matthew Restall Chapter 2. The Conquest in Images: Stories of Tlaxcalteca and Quauhquecholteca Conquistadors 65 Florine G. L. Asselbergs Chapter 3. Whose Conquest? Nahua, Zapoteca, and Mixteca Allies in the Conquest of Central America 102 Laura E. Matthew Chapter 4. Concubines and Wives: Reinterpreting Native-Spanish Intimate Unions in Sixteenth-Century Guatemala 127 Robinson A. Herrera v vi CONTENTS Chapter 5. Conquest, Coercion, and Collaboration: Indian Allies and the Campaigns in Nueva Galicia 145 Ida Altman Chapter 6. Forgotten Allies: The Origins and Roles of Native Mesoamerican Auxiliaries and Indios Conquistadores in the Conquest of Yucatan, 1526–1550 175 John F. Chuchiak IV Chapter 7. The Indios Conquistadores of Oaxaca’s Sierra Norte: From Indian Conquerors to Local Indians 227 Yanna Yannakakis Chapter 8. Nahua Christian Warriors in the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, Cholula Parish 254 Stephanie Wood Chapter 9. “By the Force of Their Lives and the Spilling of Blood”: Flechero Service and Political Leverage on a Nueva Galicia Frontier 289 Bret Blosser Conclusion 317 Laura E. Matthew and Michel R. Oudijk Glossary 325 Bibliography 327 List of Contributors 347 Figures 1.1. Conqvista de México por Cortés 30 2.1. Lienzo de Quauhquechollan 70 2.2. The Habsburg coat of arms incorporated into the glyph for Quauhquechollan 75 2.3. Quauhquecholteca warriors fighting in Mexico and Guatemala 77 2.4. Two variations of Quezaltenango’s place glyph 85 2.5. Quezaltenango’s place glyph 85 2.6. Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2 87 7.1. Lienzo de Analco 232 7.2. Scene from the Lienzo de Analco 233 7.3. Scene from the Lienzo de Analco 234 7.4. Scene from the Lienzo de Analco 235 Figures 8.1 to 8.25 are courtesy of Tulane University, New Orleans. 8.1. Scene 1from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 259 8.2. Scene 2from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 259 8.3. Scene 3from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 260 8.4. Scene 4from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 260 8.5. Scene 5from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 261 8.6. Scene 6from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 261 vii viii FIGURES 8.7. Scene 7from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 262 8.8. Scene 8from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 262 8.9. Scene 9from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 263 8.10. Scene 10from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 263 8.11. Scene 11from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 264 8.12. Scene 12from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 264 8.13. Scene 13from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 265 8.14. Scene 14from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 265 8.15. Scene 15from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 266 8.16. Scenes 16and 17from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 266 8.17. Scene 18from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 267 8.18. Scenes 19and 20from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 267 8.19. Scene 21from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 268 8.20. Scene 22from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 268 8.21. Scene 23from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 269 8.22. Scene 24from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 270 8.23. Scenes 26and 29from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 270 8.24. Scene 27from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 271 8.25. Scene 28from the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 271 8.26. The Four Heroes of Cuauhtlantzinco 278 Maps 1. Indios conquistadores in Spanish expeditions of conquest in New Spain, 1519–1620 2 2. The correlation between preconquest trade routes and conquest expedition routes 51 3. The correlation between trade routes and Matzatzin of Tepexi’s conquest routes of 1520 53 4. Conquest expeditions in Central America 64 5. Conquest expeditions in Nueva Galicia 146 6. Origins of native allies and auxiliaries from Honduras-Higueras 185 7. Territory controlled by Francisco de Montejo and his son, 1539–1545 187 8. Origins of native allies and auxiliaries from Tabasco 189 9. Conquistadors of Yucatan and their encomienda holdings in Tabasco and Guazacualco, 1535–1542 191 10. Conquistadors of Yucatan and their encomienda holdings in Chiapas and Zapotecas, 1540–1542 197 11. Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 226 12. The northern frontier of Nueva Galicia 288 ix