INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1967-68 -A REVIEW EDITED BY B.B. LAL Director General Archaeological Survey of India ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1968 Price : Rupees Ten © 1968 COPYRIGHT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRINTED AT THE CAXTON PRESS PVT., LTD., NEW DELHI-55 PREFACE When, on 7th February 1968,1 took over charge of the Archaeological Survey of India, the last number published of the Review was that for 1963-64 and the issue for 1964-65 had just been sent to the press. Such was the factual position, in spite of the best efforts of my able predecessor, Shri A. Ghosh. With so many bottle-necks in the publication machinery, I could not hope to bring out more than two numbers per year. Obviously, therefore, it was not possible for me to clear up all the arrears during the current year. I had, therefore, to take a policy-decision on whether the numbers should come out in a serial order—which would have meant that for several years to come the current number would never see the light of the day, or whether each year the current number should come out along with an arrear one. I opted for the latter and hope that this meets the approval of the readers. Thus, it is expected that during the current year two numbers would come out, namely those for 1964-65 and 1967-68, and, if all goes well, we may hope to clear up the arrears by the end of 1970. The present number contains a new chapter, namely on Radiocarbon Dates. It is hoped that it would be found useful. It is proposed to continue with this chapter in the future numbers as well. As usual, the matter incorporated in this number has been received from State Departments of Archaeology, universities and research institutes—Indian as well as foreign, besides the Survey itself. To all the former my grateful thanks are due for the kind co-operation. However, as much of the material, particularly that relating to explorations and excavations, reached us as late as August 1968, not much headway could be made in editing it before I left for the United States in September. During my absence the burden fell on Shri K. Deva, with whom collaborated Shrimati D. Mitra and Sarvashri B.K. Thapar, R. Sengupta, M.C. Joshi, K.S. Ramachandran, N.C. Ghosh, B.M. Pande and S.R. Varma. To all these colleagues I am indeed deeply beholden. New Delhi B. B. LAL October 9, 1968 (iii) CONTENTS PAGE I. Explorations and excavations . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Andhra Pradesh, 1; Assam, 7; Bihar, 8; Gujarat, 9; Haryana, 20; Himachal Pradesh, 22; Kerala, 23; Madhya Pradesh, 23; Madras, 25; Maharashtra, 31; Mysore, 36; Orissa, 39; Rajasthan, 39; Uttar Pradesh^ 45; West Bengal, 49. II. Epigraphy ................................................................................................................. 51 Sanskritic and Dravidic inscriptions, 51. Andhra Pradesh, 51; Gujarat, 52; Madhya Pradesh, 52; Madras, 53; Maharashtra, 55; Mysore, 55; Rajasthan. 56; Uttar Pradesh 56. Arabic and Persian inscriptions, 56. Andhra Pradesh, 56; Gujarat, 57; Jammu and Kashmir, 58; Madhya Pradesh, 59; Rajasthan, 60; Uttar Pradesh, 60. III. Numismatics and treasure-trove .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 Gujarat, 62; Jammu and, Kashmir, 62; Kerala, 62; Madhya Pradesh, 62; Maharashtra, 63; Manipur, 64; Mysore, 64; Rajasthan, 64; Uttar Pradesh, 65. IV. Other important discoveries ...................... .. .. .. .. . . . . 66 Andhra Pradesh, 66; Gujarat, 66; Kerala, 66; Madhya Pradesh, 66; Mysore, 67; Rajasthan, 68; - West Bengal, 68. VV. Radiocarbon dates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 Andhra Pradesh, 69; Bihar, 69; Gujarat, 69; Madhya Pradesh, 70; Madras, 71; Maharashtra, 71; Mysore, 71; Rajasthan, 72; West Bengal, 72. VI. Museums ................................................................................................................. 73 VII. Architectural survey of temples .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 Northern Region, 82; Southern Region, 82. VIII. Preservation of monuments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 Monuments of national importance, 85. Eastern Circle, 85; Frontier Circle, 86; Mid-eastern Circle, 86; Northern Circle, 88; Northwestern Circle,89; Southern Circle, 89; South-eastern Circle, 91; South-western Circle, 91; Western Circle, 92; Monuments maintained by States, 92. Andhra Pradesh, 92; Assam, 93; Gujarat, 93; Madhya Pradesh, 93; Madras, 94; Orissa, 94; Rajasthan, 94; Uttar Pradesh, 95. IX. Archaeological chemistry ................................................................................................ 96 Treatment of monuments and paintings, 96. Delhi, 96; Madras, 96; Madhya Pradesh, 96; Maharashtra, 96; Mysore, 97; Orissa, 97; Punjab, 97; Rajasthan, 97; Uttar Pradesh, 97; West Bengal, 97. Treatment of excavated objects and museum-exhibits, 98. Analyses and research, 98. X. Archaeological gardens ...................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 Bihar, 99; Goa, 99; Kerala, 99; Maharashtra, 99; Mysore, 99; Orissa, 100; Uttar Pradesh, 100. XI. Publications ................................................................................................................... 102 Publications of the Survey, 102.' Other publications, 102. (v) INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1967-68 —A REVIEW I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS ANDHRA PRADESH 1. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHITTOOR.— Sarvashri H. N. Singh, S. N. Jaiswal and S. V. Sutaone of the Atlas Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India1 located Early Stone Age sites at Chintalapalaiyam (13° 48'N.; 79° 35'E.), Jangalapalli (13° 45'N.; 79° 36'E.), Panguru (13°46'N.; 79° 36'E.), all in Taluk Kalahasti, and at Battalavallam (13° 35'N.; 80° 00'E.) in Taluk Satyavedu of the District. Dr. M. L. K. Murty of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Poona, under the guidance of Professor H. D. Sankalia, investigated the river-sections near Renigunta in the same District, particularly with a view to distinguishing the blade- and burin-industry from the Late Stone Age tools, on stratigraphical and typological grounds. His investigations have confirmed that this region was a continuous habitat of stone-using communities in the Pleistocene and early Holocene. The stone-tool assemblages are prolific in occurrence and fall into: (i) an Early Stone Age industry, (ii) a Middle Stone Age industry, (iii) a blade- and burin-industry, and (iv) a non-geometric Late Stone Age industry. The raw material in the first three industries is quartzite of different shades and in the fourth it is milky quartz and crystal. A site, locally known as Nallagundlu, approximately 2 km. east of Renigunta, proved to be a workshop rich in implements of both the industries. Scraping of the section here revealed that the blade- and burin-industry was older than the Late Stone Age, since it occurred exclusively, 20 cm. below the latter, and the mixed nature of the two industries on the surface was probably because of subsequent occupation of the site by the Late Stone Age folk. Since this site is situated on a sloping plane towards a feeder, every monsoonal rain, which washes away the silt, brings about either the movement of the tools or tool-sinking, resulting in their mix-up. . The blade-and burin-industry comprised choppers made on thick flakes and cores; side-and terminal-scrapers on flake and blade; awl points; backed tools (blades, points and lunates); and a variety of burins made on thick blades and split-fluted cores! Long parallel-sided blades were quite common, some of them exhibited signs of utilization without traces of retouch. Besides, two broken mace-heads were also found. 1 The Archaeological Survey of India is referred to in the following pages as the 'Survey'. 1 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1967-68—A REVIEW The Late Stone Age industry, characterized by non-geometric microliths, consisted mostly of backed points, lunates and a few flake tools, although flakes without retouch were also found in good number. Parallel-sided blades were less common, while worked-cores formed the major percentage in the assemblage. The implements of this industry, occur only on the surface. The use of a new raw material, the absence of significant tool forms and the small size of the Late Stone Age tools, in contrast with the blade- and burin-industry, would suggest a new tradition. 2. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT GUNTUR.—The Director, Department of Archaeology, Andhra Pradesh, explored the area around Hasanabad, 1.6 km. from Bellamkonda Fort, and located a rock-shelter at a height of 20 m. in a hillock locally known as Gangabodu, besides some huge mounds, from which grey ware sherds, ascribable to late medieval period, were collected. Palaeolithic tools collected from the western side of the village included specimens of handaxes and cleavers. 3. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KARIMNAGAR.—In the course of an exploration of the District, the Director, Department of Archaeology, Andhra Pradesh, discovered several prehistoric graves at Kanikulla and Kadambapuram. 4. EXCAVATION AT PEDDABANKUR, DISTRICT KARIMNAGAR.— During the course of excavation at Peddabankur, the Director, Department of Archaeology, Andhra Pradesh, brought to light structures like mandapas with sockets along the edges intended perhaps for fixing wooden posts to support the roof. The floors were normally of well-rammed brick-concrete. Occasionally these were paved with regularly laid flat bricks. From the abundance of tiles recovered, it may be surmised that the buildings had tiled roofings over a wooden superstructure as at Nagarjunakonda and other Bud dhist sites. Two circular brick wells were also found. The ceramic finds included black- and-red ware, red polished ware, black ware, dull-red ware besides a few sherds of Russet-coated Painted Ware, alternatively known as the Andhra Ware. Decoration on pottery consisted of a variety of patterns. It is interesting to note that the black- and-red ware was not associated here with burials, although a bovine skeleton was exposed in comparable levels. Objects of terracotta, stucco fragments, a few iron daggers and blades and coins of early Satavahana kings formed the repertoire of minor antiquities. 5. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KURNOOL.—The Director, Department of Archaeology, Andhra Pradesh, explored the vicinity of the Rama and Kalakantaraya temples, both protected monuments at Pedda Tumbalam, 19 km. from Adoni on the Adoni-Mantralya road and retrieved sculptural relics. Notable among these were a carved elephant- head in black basalt, a slab depicting naga, three door-jambs and a mutilated image of Sarasvati. Exploring the submersible area under 'Srisailam Project' in the same District, Shri B. Rajarao of the South-eastern Circle of the Survey, found temples of Chalukyan style at Turimella in Taluk Giddalur and at Pratakota, Siddirajalingapuram, Kapiles-waram, Satanikota, Mutsumarri, Vellala and Mushalimadugu in Taluk Nandikottur. The earliest temple of this style, datable to the tenth century, is the Nagesvarasvami temple at Pratakota, containing beautiful sculptures of Siva, Mahishasuramardini and saptamatrika similar to that of Alampur. Mutilated sculptures of Surya were also