INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1958-59 —A REVIEW EDITED BY A. GHOSH Director General of Archaeology in India DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF I N D I A NEW DELHI 1959 Price Rs. 1000 or 16shillings COPYRIGHT DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRINTED AT THE CORONATION PRINTING WORKS, DELHI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This sixth number of the annual Review tries to embody, like its predecessors, information on all archaeological activities in the country during the previous year. The varied sources of information are obvious in most cases: where they are not, they have, as far as possible, been suitably acknowledged. From the ready and unconditional response that I have all along been receiving to my request for material, it is obvious that it is realized at all quarters that the Review has been performing its intended function of publishing, within the least possible time, the essential archaeological news of the country. At the same time, as it incorporates news obtained from diverse sources, the assumption of responsibility by me, as the editor, for the accuracy of the news, much less of the interpretation thereof, is precluded. My sincerest thanks are due to all—officers of the Union Department of Archaeology and of the State Governments, heads of other organizations concerned with archaeology and individuals devoting themselves to archaeological pursuits— who have furnished me with material that is included in the Review and to those colleagues of mine in the Department who have assisted me in editing it and seeing it through the press. New Delhi: A. GHOSH The 10th September 1959 CONTENTS PAGE I. General ... ... ... 1 II. Explorations and excavations ... ... ... 4 III. Epigraphy ... ... ... 57 IV. Numismatics and treasure-trove ... ... ... 66 V. Other important discoveries ... ... .. 68 VI. Museums ... ... ... 76 VII. Architectural survey of temples ... ... ... 81 VIII. Preservation of monuments ... ... ... 83 XI. Archaeological chemistry ... ... ... 118 X. Archaeological gardens ... ... ... 123 XI. Publications ... ... ... 125 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1958-59 -A REVIEW I. GENERAL DURING THE YEAR 1958-59 AN ALL-ROUND PROGRESS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL activities was recorded in the country. The explorations of the year covered all parts of the country and all the early epochs of her history. Tools of Series I and II and microliths were recovered from many river-valleys and other localities, a large number of them already examined before and others brought to notice for the first time. Apart from the recovery of a large number of tools, no outstanding stratigraphic evidence about their occurrence seems to have been recorded, except perhaps some reported observations in the Narmada valley. Nevertheless, the explorations have resulted in the location of a large number of new implementiferous sites, which have enlarged the horizon of the early Stone-Age cultures of India. The excavation of an ash-mound at Utnoor in District Mahbubnagar revealed its neolithic character. * * * * * Important were the surveys of some tracts which are to be drowned in the near future as a result of irrigation-projects. Such tracts were the Chambal valley in Dis-trict Mandasor of Madhya Pradesh State and the Tapti valley in District West Khandesh of Bombay State. The surveys resulted in the discovery, in some cases followed by excavations, of sites of a varied nature. In the Chambal valley there were discovered early and late palaeolithic localities, rock-shelters with primitive paintings and medieval temples In the Tapti valley sites variously with tools of Series I and II, microliths and chalcolithic relics were found. It is hoped that further and more intensive explora-tions will be carried out in these regions before they are finally lost for all investigation. * * * * * Fraught with remarkable results was the excavation at Alamgirpur, a site 28 miles to the north-east of Delhi, which has been proved to have been a station of the Harappa culture. The discovery of that culture well within the Ganga-Yamuna valley enormously enlarges its horizon, apart from opening up new possibilities for the investiga-tion into the genesis of the early cultures in the Ganga basin. At Alamgirpur the Painted Grey Ware culture succeeded the Harappa, but as there was a hiatus between the two here as at Rupar, it has been of no avail in the establishment of any direct link INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1958-59—A REVIEW between the two; nevertheless, it has added a pier to the bridge which, it is hoped, will one day connect the end of the one with the beginning of the other. The year's excavation at Lothal was important in more ways than one. In the first place, a late phase of the Harappa culture, already known at Rangpu and. other places in the Gujarat peninsula, was detected in a localized part of Lothal itself. Secondly, an enormous brick enclosure was exposed; if it represents something like a wharf, as has been believed, it would be an interesting testimony to the water-borne trade carried out by the Harappans of Lothal. Thirdly, of the graves excavated in the cemetery-area, three—all of the earlier phases—emtombed two individuals. The significance of this practice of double burial will be better understood when the anthropo- logist's report on the skeletons is available. Rojdi, in Saurasthtra, continued to be excavated and revealed different phases of the Harappa culture. Renewed excavation at Navdatoli, which has already established itself as the key-site of the chalcolithic culture of the Narmada basin, confirmed and, to a certain extent, modified the previous results. The excavators now feel that there is evidence to show that the site had Iranian contracts from its very inception. A link between the Narmada and Godavari cultures was provided by the occurrence of the Jorwe Ware in Phase III of Navdatoli. Significant were the Carbon-14 dates obtained for the material from the site. At Daimabad in the Godavari valley was secured interesting evidence on chalco-lithic burial-practices. To turn to the Ganga valley again. Excavation at Sravasti yielded a few speci-mens of the Painted Grey Ware in association with what may be regarded as the immediate predecessor of the Northern Black Polished Ware from its lowest pre-fortification levels. Also interesting was the find of iron, as at Alamgirpur, along with the Painted Grey Ware. It appears that both the sites represent that last phase of the Painted Grey Ware culture which was absent at Hastinapura on account of its having been de-serted as a result of a heavy flood during the lifetime of that culture. Painted specimens of the Northern Black Polished Ware formed a feature which Sravasti shared with Kausambi, where also such specimens were found in this year's excavation. The excavation at the fortifications of Kausambi continued to yield interesting evidence about the defensive system of the site and its stratigraphy. With its origin seemingly going back to an age prior to the Northern Black Polished Ware, it also seems to have lost its defensive function fairly early in the life of the city. Vaisali, an early historical city in northern Bihar, was re-excavated. The de-fences had three Periods, the earliest overlying deposits with the Northern Black Polished Ware and the latest believed to belong to the late Kushan and early Gupta age. In the core of the earliest defences were a few grey sherds with paintings, identical pottery having been found with the Northern Black Polished Ware in a habitation-site as well. At the stupa-site of Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh, despoiled long ago, could still be traced, by excavation, the base of the stupa. Also were discovered relic-caskets which had luckily escaped vandalism. GENERAL Work at Nagarjunakonda, with its relics of a most varied nature, continued in full swing. Neolithic burials, microliths, megalithic tombs, Buddhist and Brahmanical monuments and the citadel of the Ikshvakus figured among the excavated remains. Excavation at T. Narasipur in the upper Kaveri valley yielded polished stone axes and pounders in its lowest levels, associated with thick burnished grey, orange and red wares. In the next Period occurred the full-fledged megalithic Black-and-red Ware. At Chandraketugarh in West Bengal, a larger part of the temple, traced last year, was brought to light. It is believed to belong to the Gupta age. An apsidal structure, the first in east India, was excavated at the top of the Udayagiri hill in Orissa, well-known for its rock-cut Jaina caves. The remains of two most impressive Buddhist monasteries were laid bare at Ratnagiri in Orissa, where a large stupa had been exposed in the previous year. Ratna-giri has now taken a definite place in the history of late Buddhist art and architecture. Interesting was the discovery of sealings showing that the Buddhist establishment had borne the same name as the place does today. The medieval fortifications of Delhi were further investigated in the Mehrauli area to the north of the Qutb. The epigraphical discoveries were many and varied. Some inscriptions supply new dates for known rulers and a few introduce new rulers. Of the other discoveries, mention may be made of additional finds of stone sculptures from the Buddhist caves at Pitalkhora in the Deccan. Previously-unnoticed Buddhist caves were found at Khambhalida in Saurashtra. Excavation at the top of the caves at Junagadh exposed the remains of residential structures. A large number of monuments received attention by way of structural repairs, chemical preservation and general tidying up. The architectural survey of temples progressed satisfactorily. In the north, the Gupta temples and the early medieval temples of Rajasthan, Gujarat and central " India were studied. In the south, interesting results were obtained by the analysis of the elements of Pallava and other contemporary rock-cut cave-temples and monolithic temples.