INDIA AND CHINA This book looks at the changing dynamics of diplomacy of the two emerging global powers – India and China. It examines trade relations, cultural ties and economic engagements of both countries and their shifting influence in the region surrounding them. This volume takes an in-depth look at the trade and economic strategies of India and China through the prism of soft power diplomacy. It reflects on the challenges the two countries face over bilateral trade negotiations, BRICS and China’s Silk Road project, along with other issues of foreign policy. The book underlines the decisive role of the soft power approach and greater people-to-people contact in the global strategies of India and China and in fostering greater cooperation in the region. The book will be of great interest to researchers and students of international relations, political science, public policy and international communications. It will also be useful for think tanks, policy makers and general readers who are interested in the India-China relationship and the politics of soft power diplomacy. Geeta Kochhar is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Chinese and South East Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. She received her doctorate from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and is fluent in Mandarin Chinese. She was awarded the Asia Fellowship for research at CASS, China; and the Government of India MHRD “India-China Bilateral Cultural Exchange Scholarship” for advance studies in China. Her publications include Modern China: Society, Culture, and Literature (2019); China’s Foreign Policy and Security Dimensions (2018); Unique Asian Triangle: India, China, Nepal (2016, co-edited); India-China-Nepal: Decoding Trilateralism (2016); and Nepal’s Foreign Policy and Her Neighbours (2016). She also co-authored 1 000 Powerful Chinese Lexicon: Chinese, English, Hindi (2017). Snehal Ajit Ulman is a PhD research scholar at the Centre for Chinese and South East Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. He is also a Junior Research Fellowship holder and is currently teaching undergraduate first year students in Jawaharlal Nehru University. He was awarded a joint scholarship from the Government of China and the Ministry of Human Resource Development to study in China for a year (September 2012–July 2013). He has co-authored a book titled 1000 Powerful Chinese Lexicon: Chinese, English, Hindi (2017). Routledge Critical Perspectives on India and China India and China together are home to more than one-third of the world’s popu- lation. Two of the fastest growing economies today, these two nations will be key to the world’s future. T his unique collaborative series between the Routledge India and China publishing programmes, aims to bring cutting-edge, interdisciplinary research from and on these two global powers. The books in this series will focus on topical and emergent issues in contemporary India and China, presenting new perspectives on politics, society, economy, environment, and culture. I ndia and China E conomics and Soft Power Diplomacy E dited by Geeta Kochhar and Snehal Ajit Ulman F or more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Critical-Perspectives-on-India-and-China/ book-series/RCPIC INDIA AND CHINA Economics and Soft Power Diplomacy Edited by Geeta Kochhar and Snehal Ajit Ulman F irst published 2021 b y Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN a nd by Routledge 5 2 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 R outledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Geeta Kochhar and Snehal Ajit Ulman; individual chapters, the contributors T he right of Geeta Kochhar and Snehal Ajit Ulman to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A ll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. T rademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. B ritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-33554-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-33555-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-32053-8 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of figures vii List of tables viii List of contributors ix Foreword xi P reface xiv L ist of abbreviations xxi Glossary xxv 1 Scope for power transitions through soft power deployment: a comparative study of China and India 1 Salonee Shital 2 Whither Pax Indica and Pax Sinica? Indian and Chinese soft power strategies 19 Asma Masood 3 Sino-Indian economic relations: cooperation or conflict? 33 S riparna Pathak 4 Irony of India-China engagement at the global forum 53 K rishna Kumar Verma 5 Rise of the BRICS and changing world order: role of India and China 68 J unuguru Srinivas vi Contents 6 India and China in contemporary times: interactions and challenges in the Indian Ocean 86 Mohor Chakraborty 7 The Sagarmala Project and the One Belt One Road Project: the convergence of India-China national interests 100 Prosper Malangmei 8 India China bilateral trade through Nathu-La Pass: past and present 116 Anil Kumar Biswas 9 Indo-Sino trade in the post-globalisation era 128 Sundeep Kumar S 10 China’s Silk Road economic project, Central Asia and India’s interests 143 Kamala Kumari   Index 158 FIGURES 1.1 China’s International Memberships 4 1.2 Indian and Chinese Trade With the US 6 3.1 Bilateral Trade Between India and China: 1996–2015 38 3.2 China’s South Asia Trade 40 3.3 The Trade Deficit 41 3 .4 FDI Inflow From China 46 3 .5 FDI Inflow From China Versus Total Inflow 47 5 .1 Share in Global GDP (PPP Basis) 74 5 .2 Projected Structure of the Global Economy (2014–2060) 75 TABLES 1.1 Political and Civil Liberties Comparison Between India and China 9 2 .1 Comparison of Indian and Chinese Arms of Soft Power: 2015–2016 20 3 .1 Comparing India and China 34 5 .1 Global Real GDP Growth 70 5.2 General Information About BRICS by 2014 72 5 .3 BRICS Countries Foreign Exchange Reserves (Million US$) 73 5 .4 Historical and Projected Annual Growth Rates of GNP per Capita (%) (2005 $PPP) 82 CONTRIBUTORS Anil Kumar Biswas is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, University of Burdwan, West Bengal. Asma Masood is Research Officer at the Chennai Center for China Studies, Chennai. Geeta Kochhar, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Chinese and South East Asian Studies, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, Jawaha- rlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Junuguru Srinivas is a research scholar at the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Kamala Kumari is Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for Russian Central Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Krishna Kumar Verma is a research scholar, ORG Division, at the Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Mohor Chakraborty is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the South Cal- cutta Girls’ College, Kolkata. Prosper Malangmei is a research scholar, Centre for East Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. S. L. Narasimhan, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, PhD (Retd.), is a member of the National Security Advisory Board, India.