INDIA 1999 Continuous growth. That is the goal IndianOil sets lor its employees. It's part of our corporate philosophy which aims to foster a culture of participation and innovation for employee growth and contribution. Our 16 training centres across the country and the Management Academy at Hald;a hone employee skills and management orientation. Apart from this intensive structured training, they gain valuable cross-functional exposure through periodic job rotation. And the IndianOillnstitute of Petroleum Management (IIPM) at Gurgaon has taken this further. IIPM aims to become the foremost institute of leaming worldwide, uniquely focused on petroleum and energy management. It prepares human resource for a globally competitive environment and also acts as a consuHing firm in management research tor enhancing organisational ~ffectiveness. Even at work, our employees actively participate in the learning process. Contrlbuting right from the shop-floor level through various fora. As a result, IndianOiI ~rocess never stops. today has one 01 the most talented and skilled pool of human resource. Across companies. Across countries. Because early on, we at IndianOiI realised, "To learn, 18 to 9ff1'N." IndVianI. '0"1" . ~ ).lmIted S"onri Tomorrow Young men and women even Retired Persons Earn a handsome Income -,.......... '~:'"';'':. _~~om:)Agent of Publications Division • - . , '. Look how easy it is ::',: .• ;,' .. ( "r ('. ~. ~ ~~) '!!' f ~~i). !" ' • '~ .;;; ~- ~\!i~~~5 t . I ~ ~ ;,.;. J3ay only Rl25/- and become a retail agent ;e;' ... 0 =-:-,c' Get 25%fommission on orders procured " .. I or -~ \' \ ".'- Pay Rs.1 ,000/-and become a whole-seller .. -- Get 33-1/3% commission on orders procured worth Rs.12,OOOI-or more a year Get 6% additional bonus for business worth RS.2 lakhs or more We publish books on Indian Art, History and Culture, Land and People, Flora and Fauna, Science and Technology, Children's Literature, Builders of Modern India and other Biographies, Gandhian Literature and India Reference Annual. For details please contact: Sales Emporia of Publications Division : Patiala House, Tilak Marg. New Delhi; Super Bazar, Connaught Circus, New Delhi; Halll No.196, Old Secretariat. Deihl; Rajaji Bhavan, Besant Nagar. Chennal; 8 Esplanade East. '. Calcutta; Bihar State Cooperative Bank Building. Ashoka Rajpath, Patna; Press Road, Thiruvananthapuram; 27/6. Ram Mohan Ral Marg, Lucknow; Commerce House,! CurrimbhOY Road, Ballard Pier. Mumbal; State Archaeological Museum Building, PUblic( Gardens. Hyderabad; 1st Floor, 'F' Wing, Kendriya Sadan, Koramangala, Bangalore. \ PIB Sales Counters : ~. C.G,O. Bhawan, 'A' Wing, A.B. Road, Indore; 80, Malviya Nagar, Bhopal; K·21, Nand Niketan, Malviya Marg, 'C' Scheme, Jalpur. ~, \IE TEACH SUCCESS A LEaEND IN HAI(JNa t,S FO~ VEA~ • rzM. finut institute • tI'fIt talkst 1Ul1lU • rzM. '-itlfust result Lmd and the People category that drains into the Rann of Kachch. The Ganga sub-basin which is a part of the Ilrgt'f Gaf\ga-HTilhmaputra-Meghana bitsin is the largest in India receiving waters fllOJl1 ,. area which cO!11prises 'lbllut or,!' quartpr Df the total area of tne country. Its boundaries are wcoll-defined by thl' ~ J Jinldlayas in the m'rth and the Vinrlhyas in.the sc'uth. The Ganga now~ through Utt,n Prddesh, Hihar and West Benga! in India and enters B~flglade$h thcreaflt:r. It hits tWI' TTl.lin headwaters in lhe Himalayas: the Bhitgiralhi~ana the AIaj;:nal1da,-ti1l' formt'r n.~lng from the Gangotri glacier at C,omukh and the l~er 1rom a glacier short of tIll' Alkaruri gl,lcit'r. The Ganga is jOined by ,8 number of1m- Himalayan rivt'rs includmg th(' Yallluna, C;hagru., GomtVGandak and K;')si. The western-most rjvet"of the Ganga systeTTl IS the Yamuna which rises from th(' Yamnotri glilfi. '_djolJ,.s· tJw Ganga cit AII'lhabad. Among important rivers flOWing north frOlJl cP.ntrallndia Into the Yamun,l / Cang" are the Chambal, B('twa a~d Sone. ... '~:"'\ . I. '". .~ . The Brahmaputrit and the Bar,lk flowing_ from east to we~' iQ north-ea:rte;n regIOn are International r;vers and have immensl' 'w~ter rcso.urces pot't!ntial(l'hkh I~ stdl In the lllllial stages 01 development. .". se<.:onq Jt~st ri~er . Tht, GlIdavari ill«he. ,O:thcrn Peniusala has the ba"'" cOVl'ring 10 per cenl of the area of lndia. Next hi it iSlht, KTi:;hna.~in th"" regio"!fl NarD.'4IF whilf thl:' Mahanadi has the third large~t basin. Th'~ basin of the in tht' uplands 'of th~ Dt'ccan flowing to the Arabian Sea and of the Kaveri in tne '~uth falling into ·tlw Bay of Bengal are about th .. same size, though with ,dlff~rent s:hiu'acter <lnd shape. " " ' Two Dther rivt'r systems, which .are small but agriculturall}O irnpbrtant; are th()~" of the Tapti in the north and the Pem~ar in t'he !Iouth. These west ,coast rivers are of great iniporlarice as they contain as m'uch as 11 per cenl of the <'~mritry's ;Vater resources while draining about 10 per ('{'nt of t~e land an~, ' . . CLIMATE f,' ,." rio The climate o( India may be broadly de:_.,(ribed as tropicitl ·mt.1nsooo type. ~fe aN.' four seilsnns: (i) winter Oanuary-February), (ii) hot weather s~'mer (March-MtS>; (iii) rainy south-western monsoon (June-September) and (iv) ~)~t~m~nsoo~, ~l~o knQw,n a,::' north-east monsoon In the southern Pent&la (October- ewrnber). India s dj$att: ,I!:> affected by two seasonal winds - the north-east moos(lon and tfle Slj)U~~st monspon. TIll' north-east monsoon commonly known as w~'nm'QtIABe r bl~ws:'t .. '" land to sea whereas !:iouth-west monsoon known as summ, '" o" w-1" s e"a., to I,md after crossing the Indian Ocean, the Ar,lbiitn Sea and ill Bity of J. t:' south-west monsoon' brings most of the rainfall during thl' year in the \~oun jf. row possible tb make forecast about the rnonSllnn rains successfully with develA~1 modt'ls and trained manpower. • ~LORA I " .1 With a wide range of climatlc conditions from the torrid to th,!Jfo~, india has a ,; ~~. " and varied vegetation, which only a fl'W countries of comJJl"'~rSize possess. In C '" can be divided into eight distinct floristic regions, namely, t~."fs"tern Himalayas, nan ea~tem Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga plain, the Deccan, Malabar (' r~: the Andamans. - '(.'r The Western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumalln. Its tt;'mpera' p ztne is rich in forests of chir, pine, other conifers and 'broad-leaved temperate trt'l'~ Higher up, forests of deodar, blue pine, spruce and silver fir occur. The alpine zont: ..-e xtends from the upper limit of the temperate zone of about 4,750 metres or evefl .~ 4 India 1999 higher. The characteristic trees of this zone are high-level silver fir silver birch and junipers. The eastern Himalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjiling, Kurseong and the adjacent tract. The temperate zone has forests of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons, alder and birch. Many conifers, junipers and dwarf willows also occur here. The Assam region comprises the Brahmaputra and the Surma valleys with evergreen forests, occasional thick clumps of bamboos and tall gras• . The Indus plain region comprises the plains of Punjab, western Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. It is dry and hot anci supports natural vegetation. The Ganga plain region covers the area which is alluvial plain and is under cultivation for wheat, sugarcane and rice. Only small areas support forests of widely differing types. The Deccan region comprises the entire table land of the Indian Peninsula and supports vegetation of various kinds from scrub jungles to mixed deciduous forests. The Malabar region covers the excessively humid belt of mountain country parallel to the west coast of the Peninsula. Besides being rich in forest vegetation, this region produces important commercial crops, such as coconut, betelnut, pepper, coffee ·and tea, rubber and cashewnut. The Andaman region abounds in evergreen, mangrove, beach and diluvial forests. The Himalayan region extending fr~ Kashmir to Arunachal " Pradesh thro~ Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Meghalaya and Na~aland and the Deccan Peninsula is t.ch in endemic flora, with a large number of plants which are not found elsewhere. India is rich in flora. Currently available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area surve¥~ so far, 49,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of~fndia. The vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover comprise~:15,OOO species. Of these, more than 35 per cent is endemic and has so far not been rep~d anywhere in the world. The total plant wealth of the country includes not onl . he useful large flowered plants including flowering shrubs, but also a large 'of non-flowerin$ plants like ferns, liverworts, algae and fungi. e flora of the;«;ountry is being studied by the Botanical Survey of India (B51), Cakl.~ ,,' along with ~ unversities and research institutions, The publication Flora of In " in the fonn.oI.fasclcles has been initiated by BSI and 20 fascicles have already bee~lUblished. BS! alsO ~ngs out publications on the state and district flora, both flo~rlng and n~ering, from time to time. ~r ' , . Ethnobotani~(.~ deals with the utilisation of plants and plant products by el:ta:tic races. A scientific" study of such plants has been made by BS!. A number of t ailed ethobota_nical explorations have been conducted in different tribal areas of the ntry. More than 800 plant species of ethnobotanical interest have been collected , identified at different centres. , . OWing to of forests for agricultural, industrial and urban development, lvera! Indian __ facing extinction. About 1,336 plant species are considered lnerable and' About 20 species of higher plants are c¥egorised as isibly extinct as not been Sighted during the last 6-10 decades. BSI brings ~_.. inventory of endangered plants in the form of a publicatl6n titled Red Data . o~rour volumes of the book have already been published and the fifth is being ,ompiled. Samples of some of these plants are preserved in botanical gardens and . ,.Ntio~l parks. Collections of dried samples of these plants are preserved in the ~entral National Herbarium, the regional herbaria of B5I and in research and training institutions of the country. Land and the People 5 FAUNA The Zoological Survey of India ~I), with its hea~9..uarters in ~a~~!!J and 16 regional stations located in different parts of the country, is responsible for surveying the faunal resource of our country. Possessing a tremendous diversity of climate and physical conditions, India has great variety of fauna numbering 81,251 species. Of these, insects constitute about 60,000, molluscs a little over 5,000, mammals 372, birds 1,228, reptiles 446, amphibians 204, and fishes 2,546. The mammals include the majestic elephant, the gaur of Indian bison__;,the largest of existing bovines, the great Indian rhinoceros, the gigantic wild sheep of the Himalayas, the swamp deer, the thamin spotted deer, nilgai, the four-homed antelope, the Indian antelope or black-buck - the only representatives of these genera, Among the cats, the tiger and lion are the most magnificent of all; other splendid creatures such as the clouded leopard, the snow leopard, the marbled cat, etc., are also found. Many other species of mammals are remarkable for their beauty, colouring, grace and uniqueness. The abundant and colourful, life of this country is one of its treasures. Several birds, like pheasants, geese, ducks, mynahs, parakeets, pigeons, cranes, hornbills and sunbirds, inhabit forests and wet lands. Rivers and lakl"s harbour crocodiles and gharials, the latter being the only representative of crocodilian order in the world. The salt water crocodile is found along the eastern coast and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A project for breeding crocodiles started in 1974, has been instrumental in saving the crocodile from extinction. Twelve schemes are in operation in different states for breeding crocodiles. The great Himalayan range has a very interesting variety of fauna that includes the wild sheep and goats, markhor, ibex, shrew and tapir. The panda and the snow leopard are found in the upper reaches of the mountains. Depletion of vegetative cover due to expansion of agriculture, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, introduction of toxic imbalance in community structure, epidemics, floods, droughts and cyclones, contribute to the loss of flora and fauna. More that '77 species of mammals, 72 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, three species of amphibians, two species of fish and a large number of butterflies, moth and beetles are considered vulnerable and endangered. There are presently ~. national parlsl and ~jJdlife sancty.aties covering about 1.50 lakhs sq km area wl\ICl\ is nearly 4.5 per cent o.L~~!:. ~2!~1 geographical area of the _c.o-"u'n_"tr_y'_. "_ _"'__"_~"'-"""'_ __~ i, DEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND CENSUS Enumeration for the 1991 census began from 9 February and ended on 28 February with the census reference point of time being the sunrise of 1 March 1991. The houseless people were enumerated on the night of 28 February and in some cases on 21 February due to Hall Festival. A reviaional round was conducted during 1-5.March 1991 to up-date the population as on 1 Much 1991. In certain inaccessible and snow<~ bound areas of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman ' and Nicobar Islands, census was, however. COI'\ducted non-synchronously. Due to unfavourable weather conditions prevailing in Jammu and KashriUr during February March 1991, it was planned to conduct the 1991 census in that State in Auguat-October 1991, but this could not take place due to disturbed conditions prevailing there at the proposed time of census. . 6 India 1999 POPULATION India's population, as on 1 March 1991 stood at 846.30 million (439.23 million males and 407.07 millioJ"l females). This includes the projected population of 7.72 million of Jammu and Kashmir. The second largest populous country, India is the home of ~r cent of world's population. The country, however, accounts for 2.42 per cent of the total world area. ."."",_ The population of India as recorded at each decenial census from 1901 hu grown steadily extept for a decrease during 1911-21. Decadal growth of population from 1901, is shown in table 1.1. In most states the growth rate declined during the decade. However, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry which account for one-third of the country's population, recorded increase in growth rate. Nagaland registered the highest growth rate o(S,~.Q~ per cent while Kerala the lowest 14.32 per cent. Ranking of the states and union territories according to population size is in table 1.2. Mumbai metropolis continued to be the most populated city of the country with urban population of 12.60 million, Calcutta taking the second place having 11.02 million. Delhi ranks third with a population (urban) of 8.42 million followed by Chennai 5.42 million. POPULA nON DENSITY One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. It is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. The population density has gone up from 216 in 1981 to 267 persons in 1991 (excluding Assam and J&K). In 1901 it was 77 persons. The density of population in states and UTs are shown in table 1.3. The 10 heavily populated districts of the country are Calcutta, Chennai, Greater Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Chandigarh, Mahe, Howrah, Kanpur City and Bangalore. All of them have density of above 2,000 persons per square kilometre and 5.01 per cent of the country's population lives in these districts. The average density of these districts is 6,888. SEX RATIO Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. In India, it has generally been adverse to women. The ratio has also declined over the years except in 1981 when it slightly improved to 934 from 927. In 1991, there has been a fall by seven pOints to 927 per thousand males. But Kerala represented a different spectrum. The State has a higher number of females than males, 1,036 females against thousand males. In the Indian context, a sex ratio of 950 and above can be considered as favourable to females. The states and union territories coming under this category besides Kerala are Himachal Pradesh (976), Andhra Pradesh (972), Goa (967), Karnataka (960), Manipur (958), Orissa (971), Tamil Nadu (974), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (952), Daman and Diu (969) and Pondicherry (979). Chandigarh accounted for the lowest number of females per thousand males with 790. Sex ratio (1901- 1991) is given in table 1.4. LITERACY For the purpose of census, a person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and Land and the People 7 write any language with understanding. In the 1991 census, the question on literacy was canvassed only for population aged seven years and above, unlike earh er censust's which took into account population of five y~ars and above for this purpose. The final results reveal that there has been an increase in literacy in the country. The literacy rate in the country (excluding Jammu and Kashmir) is 52.21 per cent (64.13 for males and 39.29 for females). The steady improvement in literacy rate is apparent from the table 1.5. Kerala retained its position by being on top with a 89.81 per cent literacy rate in the country. Bihar stood at the bottom with a literacy rate of 38.48 per cent, with Rajasthan being clost' to it haVing 38.55 literacy percentage. But literacy among the women was the lowest in Rajasthan with a percentage of 20.44 as compared to 54.99 among the males. Table 1.6 shows the literacy rate among persons, males and females in states and UTs. TABLE 1.1: POPULATION 1901-91 Decade Average Progressive growth Annual growth rate Year Populahon' rate exponential over 1901 growth rate (per cent)' (per cent) 1 2 3 4 5 1901 23,83,96,327 1911 25,20,93,390 +5.75 0.56 +5.75 1921 25,13,21,213 - 0.31 - 0.03 +5.42 1931 27,89,77,238 +11.00 1.04 +17.02 1941 31,86,60,580 +14.22 1.33 +33.67 1951 36,10,88,090 +13.31 1.25 +51.47 1961 43,92,34,771 +21.51 1.96 +f!4.25 1971 54,81,59,652 +24.80 2.20 +129.94 1981 68,33,29,097 +24.66 2.22 +1 86.64 1991 84,63,02,688 +23.85 2.14 +255.00 , Census of India 1991 Series 1 India, Paper 2 of 1992 Final Population totals. NOTES: 1. In 1981, census was not conducted in Assam. Based on the 1971 census and the final results of the 1991 census the population of Assam as on 1 March 1981 has been interpolated. 2. Thel991 census has not yet been conducted In Jammu and Kashmir. The population figures for India Include the population figure for Jammu and kaslunir projected by the Standing Committee of Experts on Population Projections (October 1989). 3. The 1971 census was conducted with 1 April 1971 as the reference date. In both the 1961 and 1981 censuses the reference date was 1 March. The average annual exponential growth rate presented In the statement talcet Into account this difference. No such adjusbnent has been made while calculating decadal growth rate. 4. In Arunachal Pradesh the census was conducted for the first time in 1961. While working out the decadal growth, both abaolute as well as per cent for 1951-61, 1961 census popUlation of Arunachal Pradeeh has been excluded. 8 India 1999 TABLE 1.2 : 5T ATES AND UNION TIiRRITORIES BY POPULATION SIZE Per cent to total Rank State/ Population Pupulation of India Rank in 1991 Union Territory 1991 1991 1981 in 1981 2 3 4 5 6 1. Uttar Pradesh 139,112,287 16.44 16.]8 1 2. Bihar 86,374,4('5 10.21 10.20 2 3. Mahllrashtra 78,937,187 9.33 9.16 3 4. West Bengal 68,077,965 8.04 7.97 4 5. Andhra Pradesh 66,50B,008 7.86 7.82 5 6. Madhya Pradesh 66,181,170 7.82 7.62 6 7. Tamil Nadu 55,858,946 6.60 7.06 7 8. Kamataka 44,977,201 5.31 5,42 II 9. Rajasthan 44,005,990 5.20 5.00 9 10, Gujarat 41,309,582 4.88 4.97 10 11. Orissa 31,659,736 3,74 3.85 11 12. Keralll 29,09B,5IIl 3.44 3.71 12 13. As~am 22,414,322 2.65 2,90 13 14. Punjab 20,281,969 2.40 2.45 14 15. Haryana 16,463,648 1.94 1.89 15 16. Delhi 9,420,644 1.11 0.91 16 17. Jammu &: Kashmir' 7,718,700 0.91 0.87 17 18, Himachal Pradesh 5,170,877 0.61 0.62 18 19. Tripura 2,757,205 0.33 0.30 19 20, Manipur 1,837,149 0,22 0.21 20 21. M~ghalaya 1,774,778 0.21 0.19 21 22. Nagaland 1,209,546 0.14 0.11 23 23. Goa 1,169,793 0.14 0.15 22 24. Arunachal Pradesh 864,558 0.10 0.09 24 25. Pondicherry 807,785 0.09 0.09 2S 26. Mizoram 689,756 0.08 0.07 26 27. Chandigarh 642,015 0.08 0.07 27 28. Sikkim 406,457 0.05 0.05 28 29. Andaman &: Nicobar Islands 280,661 0.03 0.03 29 30. Dadra &: Nagar Haveli 138,477 0.02 0.02 30 31. Daman &: Diu 101,586 0.01 0.01 31 32. Lakshadweep 51,707 0.01 0.01 32 Source: Census of India 1991 Final Population totals (I) PeA Part-n-B(i), 1991 (2) PeA-Part IIS(i), 1981 (PPXX). , The 1991 census was not .held in 1 &: K. The population projections of J &: K as on 1 March made by the Standing Committee of Experts on Population Projection. (October 1989) is given.