Increasing Utility Value of BIM in All Project Phases Maria Eriksen Hellum Civil and Environmental Engineering Submission date: June 2015 Supervisor: Ola Lædre, BAT Co-supervisor: Truls Løver Arnesen, Rambøll Norge AS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Civil and Transport Engineering NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING Report Title: Date: June 8th 2015 Increasing Utility Value of BIM in All Project Phases Number of pages (incl. appendices): 113 Master Thesis Name: Maria Eriksen Hellum Professor in charge/supervisor: Ola Lædre Other external professional contacts/supervisors: Truls Løver Arnesen, Rambøll Norge AS Sandefjord Abstract: Many BIM applications have been developed since the concept of BIM was first published. Increased use of BIM has been most noticeable from 2000 until today in Norway. BIM has most commonly been used in the initial and closing phases of a project. The researcher partnered with Rambøll Norge AS for this research work. They have so far not fully implemented BIM in the construction phase of their projects, but have expressed that they wish to change this. Their desire was the triggering factor for this research work, which attempted to answer the following research questions: • What are the benefits and challenges with using BIM in the construction phase? • What actions are necessary to increase the utility value of BIM in all project phases? • Who should be responsible for implementing the actions? An extensive literature search, a brief document study and twelve semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted to collect data for this research. Many of the benefits disclosed are made possible due to the greatly enhanced visualization digital BIM models offer: Error detection, higher quality project products, increased predictability, and a more efficient construction process, etc. The interviewees pointed out the AEC industry’s lack of BIM interest, willingness, and skills to be incredibly damaging to the implementation of BIM. The interviews uncovered some more comprehensive challenges, including the missing standardization of BIM tools and processes, and how BIM should be implemented and included in contract agreements. The interviewees would like to see the Norwegian government, buildingSMART or Standard Norge step in and assist the AEC industry in their attempt to implement BIM to its full extent. Keywords: 1. Building Information Modeling 2. Benefits and challenges 3. Actions 4. Responsible party PREFACE This Master Thesis was prepared at the Department of Civil and Transport Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology spring 2015. The Master Thesis equates to 30 credits and is the final assignment of my master’s degree in Civil Engineering and Project Management. This research studies the benefits and challenges with using BIM in the construction phase, as well as the necessary actions to increase the utility value of BIM, and the parties responsible for implementing the actions. The choice of topic was initially based on my own interests. I felt I could benefit from increasing my own knowledge about Building Information Modeling. The research approach and purpose were shaped by inputs from my supervisor at Rambøll Norge AS and in dialogue with my supervisor at the Department of Civil and Transport Engineering. I think the chosen topic is very interesting because I predict that BIM tools and BIM processes are here to stay, and that the perceived challenges will diminish with time. The research methodology mainly consisted of a wide and thorough literature study and twelve semi-structured open-ended interviews of people from two case study projects. The interviews were made possible in collaboration with Rambøll Norge AS. This research has been extensive, time consuming and challenging at times. I feel as though I have learned a lot about BIM processes through this work, but that I still have a lot to learn about BIM tools and practical approaches to BIM. This report was written in English because Ramboll AS is an international company. It is my hope that as many as possible will benefit from its contents. I want to thank Truls Løver Arnesen for his time and help, as well as my case informants Torstein Lillebakk, Frederick Heidahl and Magne Johansen for their case material input and contributions. Truls has throughout the last two semesters assisted as external supervisor and been available for discussions. He also made a superb effort in getting case projects. Additionally, I wish to thank those who allowed me to interview them. I would like to thank my supervisor Associate Professor Ola Lædre who has been of great help during this work and who has contributed with good dialogues and great advice. Thanks to Jardar Lohne for his academic input. Their contributions have been most helpful, and are very much appreciated. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, June 8th 2015 Maria Eriksen Hellum I II ABSTRACT Many BIM applications have been developed since the concept of BIM was first published decades ago. Increased use of BIM has been most noticeable from 2000 until today in Norway, but the use and the achieved utility value vary greatly, partly depending on the company size. BIM is most commonly used in the initial and closing phases of a project, while many choose to go back to traditional 2D methods during the construction phase, creating a black hole in the BIM implementation process. This can cause duplication of work, which can reduce the potential time, cost and quality benefits BIM offers. Is it true that the benefits from implementing BIM in the construction phase doesn’t make up for the efforts it requires? This master thesis attempts to convince the AEC industry that utilizing BIM in all project phases can contribute to optimize planning, communication and analyzing in ways that exceed the abilities of traditional implementation methods. The researcher partnered with Rambøll Norge AS for this research work. They have so far not fully implemented BIM in the construction phase of their projects, but have expressed that they wish to change this. Their desire was the triggering factor for this research work. The researcher did a pilot study in fall 2014. Knowledge gained during the pilot study helped shape the research topic and the research questions, which read as follows: • What are the benefits and challenges with using BIM in the construction phase? • What actions are necessary to increase the utility value of BIM in all project phases? • Who should be responsible for implementing the actions? Currently experienced benefits and challenges with using BIM in all project phases must be identified as well as actions necessary to increase the benefits and reduce the challenges, in order to fulfill this research’s purpose: Finding arguments in favor of using BIM in all project phases, and attempt to diminish the above-mentioned black hole. A construction project has a limited duration and is the sum of a unique product, the project organization and the construction processes necessary to achieve completion. Projects’ supereminent objective is to satisfy the clients’ needs within the constraints of cost, duration, and quality objectives. Client acceptance of the final product is the key variable, as it clarifies if a project fulfilled its intended purpose. This thesis focused on the construction phase, but the transitions from preceding and to proceeding phases were still of some interest. A Building Information Model can briefly be defined as an intelligent, digital 3D model incorporated with the building component information necessary to build the building. Building Information Modeling is the processes involving the generation and management of Building Information Models. The 3D model provides for enhanced visualization, model walkthroughs, and collision detection. A 4D model provides for the ability to plan, schedule, monitor, and manage a project. A 5D model provides for quantity take-outs, and ‘real-time’ and life cycle cost estimation. The 6D model provides for energy calculations and analyses, and addresses environmental strain. A 7D model provides for facility management, operation and maintenance, and life-cycle analysis. This research work was carried out using an inductive research approach and qualitative research methods to collect data. An extensive literature search, a brief document study, and twelve semi-structured open-ended interviews of experienced BIM users involved in one of III the two case projects were conducted to collect data for this research. The group of interviewees consisted of: Four people with roles in the client’s project administration, three discipline consulting engineers, one architect, two people with roles in the contractor’s project management, one BIM technician and one BIM technician professor. The interviewees were asked to elaborate on the benefit and challenges they have experienced concerning these aspects in BIM projects: Phase transitions, responsibility distribution, analytical features, information sharing, communication, visualization, collaboration and cooperation, lean construction, waste reduction, and schedule and budget planning and monitoring. They were also asked to recommend necessary actions to increase the utility value of BIM, and to name the parties they see as responsible for implementing the actions. Many of the benefits the interviewees claimed to have experienced are made possible due to the greatly enhanced visualization digital BIM models offer: Performance analyses, error detection, quantity summation, work activity identification, verification of constructability, increased predictability, waste reduction, higher quality project products, and a more efficient construction process through free flow of information, constant model access and improved communication. Their claims are supported by literature reviewed in the literature study. The interviewees each mentioned, on several occasions, that the AEC industry’s lack of BIM interest, lack of willingness to adopt new tools and processes, and low level of BIM skills are incredibly damaging to the implementation of BIM. Proposed actions to reduce these challenges included increasing people’s BIM interest and level of BIM skills, which may be solved locally. Individual companies could arrange training seminars for their employees, but employees have to be willing to adopt BIM. Research on the overall utility value of BIM or the expected savings of cost and time from implementing the construction phase utilizing BIM tools and BIM processes may contribute to convince AEC industry participants nation- wide. The latter is also one of the researcher’s recommended future research topics. Some more comprehensive challenges were also uncovered during the interviews. BIM tools and BIM processes have in many cases simply been applied to traditional project implementation methods and contract strategies. Appropriate levels of detail in BIM models and intended use of models are seldom specified in contract agreements. The interviewees would like to see the government, buildingSMART or Standard Norge step in and announce standard BIM applications and information exchange systems, and establish standards for how BIM should be implemented and how BIM should be included in contract agreements. One of the interview questions dealt with combining BIM and budget planning and monitoring. None of the interviewees were able to give well-justified answers, as none of them have had any previous success actually combining the two. IV SAMMENDRAG Mange BIM-applikasjoner har blitt utviklet siden begrepet BIM først ble publisert. Bruken av BIM har i Norge hatt en merkbar økning fra 2000 til i dag, men bruksområdene og den oppnådde nytteverdien varierer i stor grad, delvis avhengig av bedriftenes størrelse. BIM er mest brukt i de innledende og avsluttende prosjektfasene. Mange velger å gå tilbake til tradisjonelle prosesser og 2D-verktøy i byggefasen, noe som skaper et sort hull i BIM prosjektenes gjennomføringsmetode. Dette kan føre til dobbeltarbeid og en reduksjon av de potensielle fordelene BIM tilbyr i forbindelse med tid, kostnad og kvalitet. Er det virkelig slik at fordelene med å implementere BIM i byggefasen ikke overgår den innsatsen som kreves? Undertegnede vil med denne masteroppgaven forsøke å overbevise byggebransjen om at det å benytte BIM som gjennomføringsmetode i alle prosjektfaser kan bidra til å optimalisere planlegging, kommunikasjon og analysering på måter som overgår evnene til tradisjonelle metoder. Undertegnede har samarbeidet med Rambøll Norge AS i dette forskningsarbeidet. De har så langt ikke implementert BIM i byggefasen av sine prosjekter fullt ut, men har uttrykt at de ønsker å endre dette. Dette ønsket var den utløsende faktoren for forskningsarbeidet. Undertegnede gjorde et pilotstudium høsten 2014, som bidro til å forme masteroppgavens forskningstema og forskningsspørsmål, som lyder som følger: • Hvilke fordeler og ulemper finnes ved bruk av BIM i gjennomføringsfasen? • Hvilke tiltak må iverksettes for å øke nytteverdien av BIM i alle prosjektfaser? • Hvem bør være ansvarlig for implementeringen av tiltakene? Opplevde fordeler og ulemper med å bruke BIM i alle prosjektfaser må identifiseres. Videre må tiltak som er nødvendige for å øke nytteverdien og redusere ulempene identifiseres. Sammen skal dette oppfylle forskningens formål: Å finne argumenter i favør av å bruke BIM i alle prosjektfaser, og å forsøke å redusere det tidligere nevnte sorte hullet. Et byggeprosjekt har en begrenset varighet og er summen av et unikt produkt, prosjektorganisasjonen og byggeprosessene som må til for å oppnå ferdigstillelse. Prosjektets overordnede mål er å tilfredsstille kundens behov innenfor de avtalte tid- og kostnadsrammene, til den avtalte kvaliteten. Kundeaksept av sluttproduktet er viktig, da dette avgjør om prosjektet kan betraktes som en suksess. Denne masteroppgaven har hatt fokus på gjennomføringsfasen, men overgangen fra prosjekteringsfasen til byggefasen, samt overgangen fra gjennomføringsfasen til driftsfasen har likevel vært av interesse. En bygningsinformasjonsmodell kan kortfattet defineres som en intelligent, digital 3D-modell beriket med komponentinformasjon som er nødvendig for utførelsen. Bygningsinformasjonsmodellering innebærer de prosessene som involverer produksjon og forvaltning av bygningsinformasjonsmodeller. 3D-modellen gir forbedret visualisering som tilrettelegger for tidlig modellgjennomgang (”walkthrough”) og kollisjonsoppdagelse. En 4D- modell tilrettelegger for planlegging, fremdriftsplanlegging, oppfølging og ledelse av et prosjekt. 5D-modellen muliggjør mengdeuttak, og sanntids- og livssykluskostnadsestimering. En 6D-modell tilrettelegger for energiberegninger og miljøbelastningsanalyser. En 7D-modell tilrettelegger for forvaltning, drift, vedlikehold og utvikling (FDVU), og livsløpsanalyser. Forskningsdesignet til denne masteroppgaven består av en induktiv forskningstilnærming og bruk av kvalitative forskningsmetoder for datainnsamling. Et omfattende litteraturstudium, et V kortfattet dokumentstudium og tolv semistrukturerte intervjuer av erfarne BIM-brukere ble gjennomført for å samle inn data. Informantgruppen bestod av: fire personer med roller i byggherrevirksomhet, tre rådgivende ingeniører, en arkitekt, to personer med roller i entreprenørvirksomheter, en BIM-tekniker og en BIM-tekniker professor. Informantene ble bedt om å utdype hvilke fordeler og ulemper de har opplevd i BIM- prosjekter med hensyn til disse aspektene: faseoverganger, ansvarfordelingen, analytiske funksjoner, informasjonsdeling, kommunikasjon, visualisering, samarbeid, trimmet bygging, sløsing, og fremdrifts- og budsjettplanlegging og oppfølging. De ble også bedt om å anbefale tiltak de anser som nødvendige for å øke nytteverdien av BIM, samt å utnevne hvilke parter de anser som ansvarlige for implementeringen av disse tiltakene. Mange av fordelene informantene hevdet å ha opplevd kommer som følger av den forbedrede visualisering digitale BIM modeller tilbyr: ytelsesanalyser, feiloppdagelse, mengdeuttak, identifisering av arbeidspakker, verifisering av gjennomførbarhet (”constructability”), økt forutsigbarhet, sløsingsreduksjon, økt produktkvalitet og en mer effektiv byggeprosess pga. fri informasjonsflyt, konstant modelltilgang og bedre kommunikasjon. Deres utsagn støttes av litteraturen som ble gjennomgått i litteraturstudiet. Informantene nevnte ved flere anledninger at byggebransjens mangel på interesse for BIM, manglende vilje til å ta i bruk nye verktøy og prosesser, og lave nivå av BIM ferdigheter oppleves som utrolig ødeleggende for implementeringen av BIM. Forslag til tiltak for å redusere disse ulempene inkluderte å øke bransjens interesse og BIM ferdigheter, noe som kan løses lokalt. Bedrifter kan enkeltvis arrangere opplæringsseminarer for sine ansatte, men ansatte må samtidig selv være villige til å ta i bruk BIM. Videre forskning på den samlede nytteverdien av BIM og de forventede tids- og kostnadsbesparelser fra å benytte BIM som gjennomføringsmetode i byggefasen ble etterspurt og ansett som virkemidler som kan bidra til å overbevise den norske byggebransjen. Det sistnevnte er også én av undertegnedes anbefalinger for fremtidige forskning. Noen mer omfattende ulemper ble også avdekket under intervjuene. BIM-verktøy og BIM- prosesser har i mange tilfeller kun blitt tilføyet tradisjonelle gjennomføringsmetoder og kontraktstrategier. Tilfredsstillende detaljeringsnivåer for BIM-modellene og tiltenkt bruk av modellene er sjelden spesifisert i kontraktene. Informantene ønsker å se regjeringen, buildingSMART eller Standard Norge tre inn for å utnevne standard BIM-programmer og informasjonsutvekslingssystemer, og for å etablere standarder for hvordan BIM bør implementeres og hvordan BIM bør inkluderes i prosjektkontrakter. Et av intervjuspørsmålene omhandlet det å kombinere BIM, budsjettplanlegging og budsjettoppfølging. Ingen av informantene var i stand til å gi godt begrunnede svar, da ingen av dem så langt har klart å kombinere disse med suksess. VI