Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 1 of 40 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA ALEXANDRIA DIVISION ____________________________________________ SUHAIL NAJIM ) ABDULLAH AL SHIMARI et al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. 08-cv-0827 GBL-JFA ) CACI INTERNATIONAL, INC., et. al., ) ) Defendants ) ) ) ____________________________________________) PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO CACI’S MOTION TO DISMISS Susan L. Burke (Virginia Bar No. 27769) William T. O’Neil William F. Gould BURKE O’NEIL LLC 4112 Station Street Philadelphia, PA 19127 (215) 487-6596 (telephone) (215) 482-0874 (facsimile) [email protected] Katherine Gallagher CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 666 Broadway, 7th Floor New York, NY 10012 Shereef Hadi Akeel AKEEL & VALENTINE, P.C. 888 West Big Beaver Road Troy, Michigan 48084-4736 Counsel for Plaintiffs Date: October 16, 2008 Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 2 of 40 TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL FACTS……………………………………………………..1 ARGUMENT……………………………………………………..………..………..………..…. ..2 I. THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE DOES NOT INSULATE CACI’s CORPORATE MISCONDUCT FROM JUDICIAL SCRUTINY……………………………… . 2 A. The Political Question Doctrine Applies Only in Rare Cases…………………………… 3 B. The Political Question Doctrine Does Not Apply Here Because the Victims Are Not Challenging Any Action by the United States………………………………………….. .. 4 C. The Political Question Doctrine Does Not Bar Suits Relating to Wrongful Wartime Conduct………………………………………………………………………………… ... 5 D. Plaintiffs’ Action Is Easily Litigated and Does Not Pose Any Manageability Issues…… 7 II. CACI IS NOT IMMUNE FROM SUIT................................................................................. 9 A. The Common Law Westfall Doctrine Does Not Protect Those Who Cross the Line from Official Duty Into Illicit Brutality……………………………………………………… ... 9 B. Choice-of-Law Doctrines and the Bremer Order Do Not Bar this Action…………… ... 12 1. Federal courts are not compelled to apply substantive foreign law that harms the United States’ interests…………………………………………………………………………. 12 2.The Bremer Order does not prohibit this Court from applying Iraqi law…………….. 14 C. Plaintiffs Are Entitled To Discovery Before Any Dismissal Based on Political Question or Absolute Immunity Grounds………………………………………………………… 15 III. CACI CANNOT RELY ON THE GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR DEFENSE AS GROUNDS TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ CLAIMS………………………………………… ... 17 A. Insulating CACI From Claims Arising From Its Illicit Brutality Harms the Federal Interest………………………………………………………………………………… ... 18 B. Holding CACI Liable for Illicit Brutality Does Not “Fetter” Any Military Commander…………………………………………………………………………… ... 20 IV. PLAINTIFFS’ COMPLAINT STATES VALID CLAIMS……………………………. 22     i Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 3 of 40 A. The Violations Plaintiffs Allege fall Squarely within the Sosa Test and Do Not Require this Court to Recognize any New Claims………………………………………………..23 B. Private Parties Like CACI Are Not Insulated From ATS Liability………………… ...... 24 C. Plaintiffs Have No Remedy Against CACI Other than this Litigation………………… .26 D. Federal Common Law Derived from Other Legally-Controlling Federal Sources Also Prohibits the Conduct At Issue…………………………………………………………..27 V. PLAINTIFFS HAVE PLED PROPERLY…………………………………………………28 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….30   ii Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 4 of 40 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Federal Cases Abiola v. Abuakar, 435 F.Supp.2d 830 (N.D.Ill. 2006) ................................................................ 26 Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 242 F. Supp. 2d 686 (N.D. Cal. 2003) .................................................... 7 Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 410 F.3d 532 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 8 Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 331 F.3d 604, (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................... 25 American Civil Liberties Union v. Dep't. of Defense, 2008 WL 4287823 (2d Cir. 2008) .............. 8 Amirmokri v. Abraham, 437 F. Supp. 2d 414 (D. Md 2006) ........................................................ 15 Anderman v. Federal Republic of Austria, 256 F. Supp. 2d 1098 (C.D. Cal. 2003) ...................... 7 Arellano v. Weinberger, 745 F.2d 1500 (D.D.C. 1984) ................................................................. 9 Bailey v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 989 F.2d 794 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................. 18 Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) ............................................................................ 3, 4, 5, 15, 16 Barron v. Martin-Marietta Corp., 868 F. Supp. 1203 (N.D.Cal. 1994) ...................................... 17 Baum v. United States, 986 F.2d 716 (4th Cir. 1993) ................................................................... 10 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (2007) ............................................................... 29 Bentzlin v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 833 F.Supp 1486 (C.D.Cal. 1993) ............................................ 22 Bolchos v. Darrel, 3 F.Cas. 810 (D.S.C. 1795) ............................................................................ 25 Boumediene v. Bush, 128 S. Ct. 2229 (2008) ................................................................................. 4 Bowoto v. Chevron, 557 F.Supp.2d 1080 (N.D.Cal. 2008) .......................................................... 26 Boykin v. KeyCorp, 521 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2008) ......................................................................... 30 Boyle v United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988) ................................... 17, 18, 19, 21, 22 Burger-Fischer v. DeGussa AG, 65 F. Supp. 2d 248 (D.N.J. 1999) ............................................ 24 Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. & Dev. Corp., 274 F. Supp. 2d 86 (D.D.C. 2003) ............................... 24 CACI Premier Technology, Inc. v. Rhodes, 536 F.3d 280 (4th Cir. 2008) ............................. 11, 12 Carmichael v. Kellogg, Brown and Root Servs., Inc., 450 F. Supp. 2d 1373 (N.D.Ga. 2006) ..... 21   iii Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 5 of 40 Coleman v. Tennessee, 97 U.S 509 (1878) ................................................................................... 14 Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61 (2001) ...................................................................... 20 Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654 (1981) ............................................................................ 3 Densberger v. United Technologies Corp., 297 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2002) ...................................... 18 Deutsch v. Turner Corp., 324 F.3d 692 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................. 6, 7 Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. Civ.A.01-1357, 2006 WL 516744 (D.D.C. Mar. 2, 2006) ........ 14 Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front, 993 F. Supp. 3 (D.D.C. 1998) .............................................. 25, 26 Dostal v. Haig, 652 F.2d 173 (D.C. Cir. 1981) ............................................................................ 14 Filártiga v. Peña-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980) ................................................................... 23 Fisher v. Halliburton, 390 F.Supp.2d 610 (S.D.Tex. 2005) ......................................................... 21 Flynn v. Shultz, 748 F.2d 1186 (7th Cir. 1984)............................................................................... 3 Ford v. Surget, 97 U.S. 594 (1878)................................................................................................. 6 Frumkin v. JA Jones, Inc., 129 F. Supp. 2d 370 (D.N.J. 2001) ................................................ 7, 24 Griggs v. WMATA, 232 F.3d 917 (D.C. Cir. 2000) ........................................................................ 9 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004) ....................................................................................... 3 Heckenlaible v. Virginia Peninsula Regional Jail Authority, 491 F.Supp.2d 544 (E.D.Va. 2007) ........................................................................................... 28 Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., 391 F.Supp.2d 10 (D.D.C. 2005) ........................................ 5, 9, 17, 20, 26 Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., 556 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2007) ...................................................... 18, 20 In re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, 373 F. Supp. 2d 7 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) ................ 20 In re Estate of Ferdinand Marcos, Human Rights Litigation, 25 F.3d 1467 (9th Cir. 1994) ....... 23 In re Joint E. & S. Dist. New York Asbestos Litig., 897 F.2d 626 (2d Cir. 1990) ........................ 17 In Re Peanut Crop Ins. Litigation, 524 F.3d 458 (4th Cir. 2008) ................................................. 27 Iwanowa v. Ford Motor Co., 67 F. Supp. 2d 424 (D.N.J. 1999) ........................................ 7, 24, 26 Jama v. INS, 334 F.Supp.2d 662 (D.N.J. 2004) ...................................................................... 19, 26 Japan Whaling Ass'n. v. Am. Cetacean Soc'y, 478 U.S. 221 (1986) .............................................. 6   iv Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 6 of 40 Johnson v Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950) ................................................................................ 20 Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 30 Jones v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 378 F.Supp.2d 705 (E.D.Va. 2004) .................................................. 28 Kadić v. Karadžić, 70 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 1995)....................................................... 6, 15, 23, 24, 25 Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank, Ltd., 504 F.3d 254 (2nd Cir. 2007).................................. 26 Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro Ed Altri-Gestione, 937 F.2d 44 (2d Cir. 1991) ...................... 2 Koohi v. United States, 976 F.2d 1328 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................... 3, 6, 8, 21 Lessin v. Kellogg Brown & Root Servs. Inc., 2006 WL 3940556 (S.D.Tex. June 12, 2006) ....... 21 Linder v. Portocarrero, 963 F.2d 332 (11th Cir. 1992) .................................................................. 6 Little v. Barreme, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 170 (1804) ............................................................................ 5 Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United States, 503 F.3d 1234 (Fed.Cir. 2007) ............................ 27 Malesko v. Corr. Servs. Corp., 229 F.3d 374 (2d Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 20 Martin v. Cavalier Hotel Corp., 48 F.3d 1343 (4th Cir. 1995) .................................................... 28 McMahon v. Presidential Airways, Inc., 502 F.3d 1331 (11th Cir. 2007) ............................. 17, 21 McMahon v. Presidential Airways, Inc., 460 F.Supp.2d 1315 (M.D.Fla. 2006) ......................... 21 Medina v. United States, 259 F.3d 220 (4th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 10 Mitchell v. Harmony, 54 U.S. (13 HOW) 115 (1851) .................................................................... 6 Murray v. The Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804) ...................................... 19 New Orleans v. The Steamship Co., 87 U.S. 387 (1874) .............................................................. 14 Nicaragua v. Reagan, 859 F.2d 929 (D.C. Cir. 1988) .................................................................... 6 Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993) ................................................................................ 16 Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900) ..................................................................................... 6, 19 Perkins v. United States, 55 F.3d 910 (4th Cir. 1995) .................................................................. 10 Perrin v. United States, 4 Ct. Cl. 543 (1868) ................................................................................ 23 Renne v. Geary, 111 S. Ct. 2331 (1991) ....................................................................................... 16   v Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 7 of 40 Republican Party of N.C. v. Martin, 980 F.2d 943 (4th Cir. 1992) .............................................. 16 Saucedo-Gonzales v. United States, 2007 WL 2319854 (W.D.Va. 2007) ................................... 10 Smith v Reagan, 844 F.2d 195 (4th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................... 4, 5 Sterling v.Constantin, 287 U.S. 378 (1932) .................................................................................. 8 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004) ................................................................ 22, 23, 25 Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ............................................. 23 Terry v. June, 420 F.Supp.2d 493 (W.D.Va. 2006) ...................................................................... 12 Thigpen v. United States, 800 F.2d 393 (4th Cir. 1986) ............................................................... 16 Tiffany v. United States, 931 F.2d 271 (4th Cir. 1991) ................................................................... 4 United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315 (1991) ............................................................................ 10 United States v. Lindh, 212 F. Supp. 2d 541 (E.D. Va 2002) ..................................................... 3, 4 United States v. Smith, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153 ............................................................................ 25 Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292 (1988) ........................................................................................ 10 Whitaker v. Kellogg, Brown and Root Servs., Inc., 444 F.Supp.2d 1277 (M.D. Ga. 2006) ......... 21 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).................................................... 3 Zirkovich v. Vatican Bank, 242 F. Supp. 2d 659 (N.D.Cal. 2002) ................................................. 7 State Cases Commercial Business Systems v. BellSouth, 453 S.E.2d 261 (Va. 1995) ..................................... 28 Dreher v. Budget Rent-A-Car System, Inc., 634 S.E.2d 324 (Va. 2006) ...................................... 12 Gina Chin & Assocs., Inc. v. First Union Bank, 537 S.E.2d 573 (Va. 2000) ............................... 28 Morgan v. Biro Mfg. Co., 474 N.E.2d 286 (Ohio 1984) ............................................................... 13 Plummer v. Center Psychiatrists, 476 S.E.2d 172 (Va. 1996) ...................................................... 28 Williard v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 193 S.E.2d 776 (Va. 1973).................................................... 13   vi Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 8 of 40 Federal Statutes 10 U.S.C. § 948a(1)(A) ................................................................................................................. 19 10 U.S.C. § 881 ....................................................................................................................... 11, 20 10 U.S.C. § 892 ............................................................................................................................. 20 10 U.S.C. § 893 ............................................................................................................................. 20 10 U.S.C. § 928 ............................................................................................................................. 20 18 U.S.C. § 2340A ........................................................................................................................ 19 18 U.S.C. § 2441 ..................................................................................................................... 19, 26 28 U.S.C. § 1350 ........................................................................................................................... 22 28 U.S.C. § 1343 ........................................................................................................................... 15 Federal Rules and Regulatory Materials 48 C.F.R. §§203.7000-203.7001 (2008) ....................................................................................... 27 Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Contractor Personnel Authorized To Accompany U.S. Armed Forces, 73 Fed. Reg. 16764, 16768 (Mar. 31, 2008) ........................ 22 United State Army Field Manual 3-100.21, Contractors on the Battlefield (Jan. 2003) .............. 27 United State Army Regulation 715-9, Contractors Accompanying the Force (Oct. 29, 1999) .... 27 International Authorities Attorney General v. Eichmann, (Sup. Ct. Israel 1962) reprinted in 36 I.L.R. 277, 314 (1968) ... 20 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, G.A. Res. 46, at 197, U.N. GAOR, 39th Sess., Supp. No. 51, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 ................. 19 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Civilian Persons In Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 11, 20 In re Tesch (Zyklon B Case), 13 Int’l L. Rep. 250 (Br. Mil. Ct. 1946). .................................. 21, 25 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, S. Exec. Doc. No. 95, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 16, 1966) ............................................................................................ 19   vii Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 9 of 40 United States v. Ohlendorf (Einsatzgruppen Case), IV Trials of War Criminals ........................ 19 Books and Articles FEDERAL JURISDICTION, ERWIN CHEMERINSKY (5th ed. 2003) ...................................................... 3 OUR GOOD NAME: A COMPANY’S FIGHT TO DEFEND ITS HONOR AND GET THE TRUTH TOLD ABOUT ABU GHRAIB, J. PHILLIP LONDON (2008) ..................................................................... 16 Restatement (Second), Conflict of Laws (1971) ........................................................................... 13   viii Case 1:08-cv-00827-GBL-JFA Document 53 Filed 10/16/2008 Page 10 of 40 CACI, after obtaining Court permission to file an extra-long brief, strings together a series of weak arguments to try to persuade this Court to dismiss the torture victims’ claims. All arguments, no matter how contradictory to each other, are thrown into the mix. For example, CACI simultaneously argues that (1) the United States’ interest in this dispute is so great that for- profit defense contractors such as CACI must be wholly immunized (CACI Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Dismiss (“Mem.”) at 13-23); and (2) only Iraq, not the United States, has a legally-cognizable interest in this dispute, and therefore CACI must be dismissed because it cannot be subjected to Iraqi jurisdiction. Mem. at 18-23. As explained below, all of CACI’s arguments fall woefully short of compelling dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims. STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL FACTS The Amended Complaint filed on September 15, 2008 (“Am. Compl.” or “Complaint”)1 alleges that a conspiracy to torture at the Abu Ghraib hard site is known to exist because the military soldiers convicted for the abuse have admitted they conspired with CACI employees Daniel Johnson and Steven Stefanowicz. Indeed, the soldiers identify these two CACI employees as the ones who directed and caused some of the most egregious torture and abuse at Abu Ghraib. Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The Complaint alleges that Plaintiffs were tortured and subjected to severe pain by these two CACI employees as well as by CACI another employee, Timothy Dugan. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 4-7, 64-65. The Complaint alleges various details of not only the conspiracy but its cover-up, such as the fact that CACI blatantly lies about the fact Daniel                                                              1 CACI devotes three pages to describing the pending Saleh et al. v. Titan et al., No. 05-1165 (D.D.C.) litigation in the District of Columbia. CACI then concludes “Plaintiffs’ claims are hardly distinguishable from those asserted in Saleh.” Mem. at 4. The Saleh litigation does include victims like Plaintiffs here who were tortured during detention in the Abu Ghraib hard site, and thus have similar claims. But the Saleh litigation has 256 victims, many of whom were tortured in locations other than the Abu Ghraib prison.