WWoorrlldd MMaarriittiimmee UUnniivveerrssiittyy TThhee MMaarriittiimmee CCoommmmoonnss:: DDiiggiittaall RReeppoossiittoorryy ooff tthhee WWoorrlldd MMaarriittiimmee UUnniivveerrssiittyy World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2000 VVTTSS [[vveesssseell ttrraaffifficc sseerrvviicceess]] iinn tthhee SSiinnggaappoorree ssttrraaiitt :: aann iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn iinnttoo mmaannddaattoorryy ttrraaffifficc ccoonnttrrooll Mohammed Segar Abdullah World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Segar Abdullah, Mohammed, "VTS [vessel traffic services] in the Singapore strait : an investigation into mandatory traffic control" (2000). World Maritime University Dissertations. 419. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/419 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. World Maritime University Malmö, Sweden VTS IN THE SINGAPORE STRAIT: AN INVESTIGATION INTO MANDATORY TRAFFIC CONTROL By MUHAMMAD SEGAR ABDULLAH Republic of Singapore A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in MARITIME ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2000 © Copyright SEGAR, 2000 DECLARATION I certify that all the material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The contents of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. ……………………………. Muhammad Segar Abdullah Date: 21 August 2000 Supervised by: Capt. Sven-Åke Wernhult Lecturer, Maritime Administration and Environmental Protection World Maritime University Internal Assessor: Dr. Proshanto K. Mukherjee Course Professor, Maritime Administration and Environmental Protection World Maritime University External Assessor: Capt. Kjell Grahn Visiting Lecturer World Maritime University ii DEDICATION To my inspiration in life, my wife Fatimah and my children for their constant support and forbearance in the quest for this degree. To my mother, brother, sister, sister-in-law and Mary Abraham for their support and encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Director-General of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, Mr Chen Tze Penn for giving me the opportunity to pursue this post graduate degree. A special word of gratitude to Capt. Khong Shen Ping, Ms Lee Chin Neo, Capt. Mark Heah Eng Siang and Mr Michael Tang for their support and encouragement. In the writing of this dissertation, I owe a debt to more people than there is space to name and thank - those who have assisted me in many ways and those whose books, journals and articles that I have read. But a special of word of thanks to: • Course Professor P K Mukherjee for his encouragement to excel and sharing his vast experience and knowledge in maritime law; • Professor J R F Hodgson, Capt. S-Å Wernhult and Mr Max Mejia for their guidance and patience in the supervision of this dissertation; • Capt. Francis Wee, Capt. Wilson Chua, Capt. Sangam and Mr Parry Oei for their advice, inputs and comments; • Mr William Seow, Mr Roger Teo and PSA Marine pilots for providing valuable feedback; • Commander Rod Johnson and Mr Eric Musson of UK, Maritime Coastguard Agency for their information on Dover Strait and CNIS; • MPA officers, Peggy Koh, Sandra Wee and Kamalanathan for producing the relevant chartlets; • WMU library staff, Susan Wangeci Eklow and Cecilia Denne for their invaluable assistance in searching for reference materials; and • Authors and commentators of the various textbooks, journals and articles which I have read. Their names and works are duly acknowledged in the bibliography. Finally, I would like to thank "ALLAH" for making this long and difficult journey possible. iv ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: VTS in Singapore Strait - An Investigation into Mandatory Traffic Control Degree: Master of Science in Maritime Administration and Environmental Protection This dissertation investigates mandatory traffic control in the Singapore Strait using the Singapore Vessel Traffic Information System (VTIS) as a model. The three littoral States i.e. Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia have introduced many safety measures to enhance safety of navigation in the Singapore Strait. In addition, the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore has established VTIS to provide information and navigational assistance to shipmasters, as well as warnings when there is a potential risk of close quarter situations. The development of vessel traffic service (VTS), the types of VTS and their significant contributions to safety of navigation are discussed. Also, the effectiveness of the safety measures that have been implemented in Singapore Strait is examined. To further enhance the safety of navigation in the Singapore Strait through VTS, a definition for the shore-based control - mandatory traffic control is proposed. There are similarities in the air traffic service (ATS) and vessel traffic service. The principles and concepts of ATS are examined to identify the areas in which VTS differs and suitable solutions are provided to address these concerns for a shore- based control by VTS. The development of new navigational tools such as ECDIS, ENC, DGPS/DGLONASS and AIS transponder which will enhance safety of navigation are evaluated to facilitate shore-based control. A comparative analysis between Dover Strait, Channel Navigation Information Service and Singapore VTIS identifies v the common problems faced by VTS authorities and the need for further control measures. Shipowners, shipmasters, pilots and shipping organisations have valid concerns. Some of the issues related to mandatory traffic control are controversial and can be resolved at appropriate IMO forums. Introducing mandatory traffic control is a complex and long drawn process and the importance of Singapore Strait can be overstated. Hence, in the final chapter a number of recommendations are made to enhance safety of navigation with ultimate aim to achieve shore-based control by VTS. KEYWORDS: Air traffic service AIS transponder Channel Navigation Information Service DGPS/DGLONASS ECDIS ENC Mandatory traffic control Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore Shore-based control Singapore Strait Singapore VTIS Vessel traffic service vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract v Table of Contents vii List of Tables xii List of Figures xiii List of Abbreviations xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Vessel Traffic Service 2.1 Background of VTS Development 5 2.2 Types of VTS 7 2.2.1 Types of Service provided by VTS 8 2.3 Legal Status of VTS 9 2.4 Safety measures Implemented in Singapore Strait 11 2.4.1 Routeing System 12 2.4.2 Rules for Vessels Navigating Through the Straits 12 of Malacca and Singapore 2.4.3 Extension of Traffic Separation Schemes 13 2.4.4 Mandatory Reporting System "STRAITREP" 14 2.4.5 Surveys of Shoals and Wrecks 15 2.4.6 ECDIS and DGPS 16 2.5 Could Safety of Navigation in Singapore Strait 17 Further Enhanced through VTS? 2.6 Definition of Mandatory Traffic Control 18 vii Chapter 3 Comparisons Between Air Traffic Services and Vessel Traffic Services 3.1 Background 19 3.2 Rules of the Air 20 3.3 Air Traffic Services 21 3.4 Guidelines and Criteria for VTS 22 3.5 Guidelines on Qualification and Training of 23 VTS Operators 3.6 Legal Considerations - Relationship between ATC and 25 Pilot Vs Relationship between VTS and Shipmaster 3.6.1 Relationship between ATC and Pilot 25 3.6.2 Relationship between VTS and Shipmaster 27 3.7 Legal Liability 28 Chapter 4 Development of Technology to Enhance Safety of Navigation 4.1 Modern Technology 30 4.2 Electronic Chart Display and Information System 30 4.3 Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) Data Format 33 4.4 DGPS/DGLONASS 34 4.5 Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) 37 4.5.1 Digital Selective Calling System 38 4.5.2 Universal Automatic Identification System 38 4.5.3 Singapore's Experience in AIS 40 Transponder Technology 4.5.4 European Countries Experience in AIS 42 Transponder Technology viii Chapter 5 A Comparative Analysis between Dover Strait and Singapore VTS 5.1 Background 44 5.2 Need for VTS Systems in the Dover Strait 45 And Singapore Strait 5.3 Roles and Responsibilities of CNIS and 48 Singapore VTIS 5.4 Difficulties Encountered by CNIS and 50 Singapore VTIS 5.5 Analysis 51 Chapter 6 Shore-based Control of Vessel Movements in Singapore Strait 6.1 Traffic Organisation Service 55 6.1.1 Pros and Con of Traffic Organisation Service 55 6.2 Mandatory Traffic Control 56 6.2.1 Pros and Con of Mandatory Traffic Control 57 6.3 Evaluation of Shore-based Controls 58 6.3.1 Liability Aspect 58 6.3.2 Responsibility of Navigation ultimately lies on 59 the Bridge of Ships 6.3.3 Radar Target Identification 60 6.3.4 Freedom of Transit Passage 61 Chapter 7 Implementation of Mandatory Traffic Control in Singapore Strait 7.1 Implementations prior to the introduction of 62 Mandatory Traffic Control in the Singapore Strait 7.2 Mandatory Carriage of Ship Equipment 63 7.3 Shore Based Equipment and Performance Standards 63 ix