In Memory of Akira Tonomura Physicist and Electron Microscopist 8777hc_9789814472883_tp.indd 1 8/11/13 3:16 pm TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk In Memory of Akira Tonomura Physicist and Electron Microscopist Editors Kazuo Fujikawa Nishina Center RIKEN, Japan Yoshimasa A Ono FIRST Tonomura Project Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI 8777hc_9789814472883_tp.indd 2 8/11/13 3:16 pm Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. IN MEMORY OF AKIRA TONOMURA Physicist and Electron Microscopist (With DVD-ROM) Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4472-88-3 ISBN 978-981-4472-89-0 (pbk) Printed in Singapore Preface This memorial book in honor of Dr. Akira Tonomura, experimental physicist and electron microscopist, is to commemorate his enormous contributions to fundamental physics in addition to the basic technology of electron microscopy. Dr. Tonomura passed away on May 2, 2012 at the age of 70 during the course of a medical treatment on pancreatic cancer. He was Fellow of Hitachi, Ltd., Group Director of Single Quantum Dynamics Group of RIKEN, and Professor of Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. The book consists of contributions from distinguished physicists who participated in international conferences planned by Tonomura himself and reprints of key papers by Tonomura and his team. In particular, representative invited speakers at the Memorial Symposium held in Tokyo on May 9-10, 2012, “Tonomura FIRST International Symposium on Electron Microscopy and Gauge Fields,” includes Chen Ning Yang and other distinguished physicists such as Yakir Aharonov, Gordon Baym, Christian Colliex, Anthony J. Leggett, Naoto Nagaosa, Nobuyuki Osakabe, Masahito Ueda, and Yimei Zhu. This Symposium was originally planned to commemorate the start of the FIRST Tonomura Project to construct the 1.2 MV holography electron microscope, his longtime dream of the ultimate electron microscope, capable of observing quantum phenomena in the microscopic world. Here FIRST stands for “Funding Program for World-leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology” sponsored by the Japanese government. Other contributions are from participants of the past ISQM-Tokyo symposia held at Hitachi, International Symposium on Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology, including Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Joseph Imry, Yoshinori Tokura, Jaw- Shen Tsai, and Anton Zeilinger, in addition to Tonomura’s longtime friends such as Michael Berry and Jerome Friedman. Dr. Tonomura made outstanding contributions to the development of fundamental quantum physics, and its application to technology such as superconductors and magnetism. He developed his own techniques of electron holography and coherent-beam Lorentz microscopy in order to precisely detect the phase information of electron beams and directly image quantum objects. For more than four decades, Tonomura developed bright and monochromatic field-emission electron beams for electron microscopes and applied them to the development of electron holography and coherent-beam Lorentz microscopy. He used his methods to clarify the fundamental questions of quantum mechanics and to observe hitherto-unobservable quantum objects. He demonstrated the v vi Preface Aharonov-Bohm effect decisively and brought to light how the wave-particle duality of electrons is realized in Nature. Recently he applied these methods extensively to make visible microscopic structures of matter that had been so far inaccessible, including the space-time behavior of the quanta (so-called vortices) of magnetic flux lines in both metal and high-temperature superconductors, and magnetic behavior of spintronics materials, such as magnetic recording media and heads. We have always been impressed by Dr. Tonomura’s youthful enthusiasm for new sciences, which he pursued until the end of his life. All of us who have known him well will deeply miss him. The book is edited by Kazuo Fujikawa of RIKEN, Tonomura’s longtime friend from college, and Yoshimasa A. Ono of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tonomura’s associate at the Hitachi Advanced Research Laboratory and now in the FIRST Tonomura Project. It is indeed our greatest honor to edit this book in memory of Dr. Tonomura and we would like to share Dr. Tonomura’s amazing achievements with readers of the book. We would like to thank Ms. Kimi Matsuyama, Tonomura’s secretary, for collecting the most precious photos with the help of Dr. Tonomura’s family. We are particularly indebted to Dr. Nobuyuki Osakabe, Tonomura’s longtime collaborator at Hitachi and presently General Manager of Hitachi Central Research Laboratory, for his guidance and comments during the preparation of this book. We also would like to thank Professor Kok Khoo Phua of World Scientific for suggesting the publication of this book. June 2013 Kazuo Fujikawa Yoshimasa A. Ono Contents Preface v Photograph Collection of Akira Tonomura xi My Dream of Ultimate Holography Electron Microscope Akira Tonomura 1 Biography of Akira Tonomura (April 1942 – May 2012) Nobuyuki Osakabe 7 Tonomura FIRST International Symposium on “Electron Microscopy and Gauge Fields” Yoshimasa A. Ono 17 Recollections of Akira Tonomura Thank You and Farewell to Tonomura-kun Hidetoshi Fukuyama 25 Remembering Akira Tonomura Michael Berry 30 Akira Tonomura: An Experimental Visionary Anton Zeilinger 33 Dr. Akira Tonomura: Master of Experimental Physics Kazuo Fujikawa 36 Gauge Theory and Aharonov-Bohm Effect Topology and Gauge Theory in Physics Chen Ning Yang 41 vii viii Contents On the Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Why Heisenberg Captures Nonlocality Better Than Schrödinger Yakir Aharonov 50 How the Test of Aharonov-Bohm Effect Was Initiated at Hitachi Laboratory Nobuyuki Osakabe 62 Some Reflections Concerning Geometrical Phases Anthony J. Leggett and Yiruo Lin 74 Mesoscopic Aharonov-Bohm Interferometers: Decoherence and Thermoelectric Transport Ora Entin-Wohlman, Amnon Aharony, and Yoseph Imry 86 Spin Textures and Gauge Fields in Frustrated Magnets Naoto Nagaosa and Yoshinori Tokura 102 Gauge Theory and Artificial Spin Ices: Imaging Emergent Monopoles with Electron Microscopy Shawn D. Pollard and Yimei Zhu 110 Do Dispersionless Forces Exist? Herman Batelaan and Scot McGregor 122 Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Geometric Phases — Exact and Approximate Topology Kazuo Fujikawa 130 A Brief Overview and Topological Aspects of Gaseous Bose-Einstein Condensates Masahito Ueda 136 Application of Electron Microscopy to Quantum Mechanics and Materials Sciences Mapping Electric Fields with Inelastic Electrons in a Transmission Electron Microscope Christian Colliex 144 Contents ix “The Picture is My Life” Shuji Hasegawa 156 Direct Observation of Electronically Phase-Separated Charge Density Waves in Lu Ir Si by Transmission Electron Microscopy 2 3 5 Cheng-Hsuan Chen 164 Basic Discoveries in Electromagnetic Field Visualization Daisuke Shindo 172 Nanomagnetism Visualized by Electron Holography Hyun Soon Park 180 Quantum Physics Probing the Proton with Electron Microscopy Jerome I. Friedman 192 Hanbury Brown–Twiss Interferometry with Electrons: Coulomb vs. Quantum Statistics Gordon Baym and Kan Shen 201 Vortex Molecules in Thin Films of Layered Superconductors Alexander I. Buzdin 211 Coherent Quantum Phase Slip Jaw-Shen Tsai 221 Coherency of Spin Precession in Metallic Lateral Spin Valves YoshiChika Otani, Hiroshi Idzuchi, and Yasuhiro Fukuma 227 Transverse Relativistic Effects in Paraxial Wave Interference Konstantin Y. Bliokh, Yana V. Izdebskaya, and Franco Nori 237 Reprints of Akira Tonomura’s Most Important Publications 247 Akira Tonomura’s Books and Major Publications 305 Video Clips of Tonomura’s Experiments 313