Praise for In Defense of Andrew Jackson “Most discussion of Andrew Jackson falls into predictable ruts, defaulting automatically to clichés that reflect more on our own time than his. Whether America is entering another ‘Jacksonian’ period depends upon understanding the first one more clearly, and we have Bradley Birzer to thank for taking up a spirited defense of this complicated man and his legacy.” —Steven F. Hayward, author of The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 “Liberal revisionists have pounded Andrew Jackson down to the point where Democrats are ashamed to admit he founded their party. In Defense of Andrew Jackson sets the story straight on America’s first populist president.” —James S. Robbins, author of Erasing America: Losing Our Future by Destroying Our Past “As a man and military hero, Andrew Jackson is as American as they come. But in this timely biography, Bradley Birzer has managed to peel back layers of cliché and reveal our seventh president as a more complex human being than current textbooks allow. His book pulls off an estimable feat. It holds in dynamic tension Jackson’s largely misunderstood Indian policies, his warm personal relations with Native Americans, his rough-hewn southernness, his love for the Union, his frontier populism, and his indelible stamp on the Romantic Age. Readers will come away from Birzer’s subtle arguments better equipped to spot the use and abuse of history.” —Gleaves Whitney, director of Grand Valley State University’s Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies “I’m not an Andrew Jackson fan, but I’m definitely a Bradley Birzer fan. His case for Old Hickory is as strong as any I’ve seen and deserves to be reckoned with.” —Thomas E. Woods Jr., author of The Politically Incorrect Guide® to American History Contents Foreword Chapter One Andrew Jackson and His Meaning to America Chapter Two Republican Violence Chapter Three Frontiersman, Citizen Soldier, and Hero Chapter Four Conqueror and Hero Chapter Five The Reluctant President Chapter Six The World Is Governed Too Much Chapter Seven Nullifying the Nullifiers Chapter Eight True Republican, True American, and True Heir Appendix President Andrew Jackson’s Farewell Address, March 4, 1837 About the Author Notes Index Foreword I believe a biographer needs to see the world through the eyes of his or her subject. Though I’ve regularly taught college courses on the Jacksonian period of American history, 1807 to 1848, for two decades, I initially had reservations about throwing myself into the life, mind, and heart of Andrew Jackson. How could I—a central Kansas native and rather mild-mannered academic of German-Russian ancestry—understand this passionate and violent man of Scotch-Irish ancestry? Born exactly two hundred years before my own birth, Jackson seemed irreversibly removed from anything within my immediate experience, especially in his roles as a duelist, general, and U.S. president. In the end, Jackson made bridging the gap between our worlds easy because whatever his faults—and there were many—he was nothing if not brutally honest about himself and his ideas. Endowed with a nearly supernatural will power and a conviction that could move mountains, Jackson considered it a virtue to be as consistent as possible, even in his violence. Throughout my research, I found evidence of his impressive dedication to this virtue, especially when examining Jackson’s reveling in love, life, and his beliefs. Still, I could never have written this book without the aid and encouragement of several friends. It was John J. Miller of National Review who recommended me as a potential author to the brilliant Harry Crocker, vice president and executive editor of Regnery Publishing. John has been a great ally and friend for more than a decade, and I consider him to be one of the finest writers of our era. My department chair and close friend, Mark Kalthoff, responded with immense enthusiasm when I mentioned the project to him. As is typical, we joked a bit before jumping into a serious historical conversation about Jackson and his era. Equally enthusiastic was another colleague and close friend, Paul Moreno, who immediately offered to read every word of the manuscript. Science-fiction master Kevin J. Anderson told me that a writer should never turn down a challenge or a request—so when this one came along, I jumped at the chance. I wrote most of this book nearly 10,000 feet above sea level in a part of the country that would not officially become part of the United States until three years after President Jackson’s death. Still, I think he would have approved of what I wrote. Dan McCarthy, as always, offered me a number of insights on the Old Republicans and Larry White’s excellent lectures on Jacksonian economics, which I attended in the early 1990s. Those lectures helped shape this book and still inform my view of the world. I would also like to thank a number of other folks who provided encouragement and aid in one way or another: Winston Elliott, Gleaves Whitney, and Stephen Klugewicz at the Imaginative Conservative; Tom Woods at Liberty Classroom; Johnny Burtka and Bob Merry at the American Conservative; Tad Wert and Steve Babb, each from Tennessee; Kevin McCormick; Steve Horwitz; Sarah Skwire; my student research assistants, Scott Lowery and Hannah Socolofsky; Alex Novak, associate publisher of Regnery History; and Elizabeth Steger, my project editor at Regnery Publishing. Two English, progressive rockers, Greg Spawton of Big Big Train and Robin Armstrong of Cosmograf, provided the soundtrack for the writing of this book. Most assuredly, President Jackson would not have approved of their contribution to it. My greatest thanks, however, goes to my wife, Dedra McDonald Birzer, the wisest and most beautiful person I know. We spent countless hours during the composition of this book talking about history, biography, republicanism, heroism, integrity, character, grammar, style. . .and just about everything imaginable under the Colorado sun. Our kids—Nathaniel, Gretchen, Maria Grace, Harry, John Augustine, and Veronica Rose—gave us the space to talk, think, and write. John (age nine) even went so far as to write his own book, modeled after this one, chapter by chapter. Though instead of a biography of Andrew Jackson, he wrote a Tolkienian story about elves and faeries off on wacky and fascinating adventures. Jackson, of course, would not have approved. Note on Sources Throughout my research for this book, I have relied heavily on Jackson’s writings. Jackson was an honest person, but he was a notoriously terrible speller. I have quoted him verbatim, misspellings and all. Whenever possible, I have followed the letters as printed in the Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, published by the Carnegie Institute of Washington, and The Papers of Andrew Jackson, published by the University of Tennessee Press. I have also leaned heavily on newspaper accounts, particularly those available at https://newspaperarchive.com, which were an indispensable resource. During my research, I was constantly surprised by how obsessed the London papers were with Jackson. The English view of Jackson would make a great and entertaining book, but it is beyond the scope of this one. Still, I have tried to incorporate the London papers wherever possible. For readers who want to learn more about Jackson’s life, The Papers of Andrew Jackson is an excellent, multi-volume source with helpful notes. Not only are the volumes of the highest quality in terms of publishing, print, and paper, I also found the editors’ notes, annotations, interpretations, and marginalia to be of the highest order. Frankly, these volumes tell the story of Jackson’s life far better than any biography yet written. Note on Topics In my professional career, I have had the great privilege of writing about men I admire, sometimes to the point of error: J. R. R. Tolkien; Charles Carroll of Carrollton; Christopher Dawson; Neil Peart; Russell Kirk; and, currently (after Jackson), Robert Nisbet. Of these subjects, I believe I could understand and explain the views of all but Charles Carroll because, as much as I love the man, Carroll’s aristocratic intellect and temperament make him inaccessible to me. This book is as much a biographical essay as it is a biography. Though brief, it was modeled after two of my favorite biographical essays, Russell Kirk’s John Randolph of Roanoke: A Study in American Politics (1951) and Richard Brookhiser’s Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington (1997). Like Brookhiser and Kirk, I have done my best to get to know my subject—which was relatively easy because Andrew Jackson was so frank—and to reintroduce him to a new generation of readers. If Jackson read this account, I do not think he would challenge me to a duel—and once you read about him, you will realize that this might be the highest praise a biographer can earn. My account of Andrew Jackson might not be the man in detail, but I hope that in its own way it offers the man in full. Bradley J. Birzer South Park, Colorado May 11, 2018 Chapter One Andrew Jackson and His Meaning to America W ashington, D.C., had never seen anything like it: close to 30,000 adorers of the president-elect poured into the area on the days preceding the inauguration, filling up every hotel and, seemingly, every nook and cranny of that swampy city. They “crowded” not only D.C. but also Arlington, Georgetown, and Alexandria with “carriages of every description, from the splendid Barronet and coach, down to wagons and carts, filled with women and children, some in finery, some in rags.”1 Everywhere, Jackson supporters glowed with enthusiasm. “Strange faces filled every public place, and every face seemed to bear defiance on its brow,” one witness remembered.2 Most had come from the West and the South, all eager to see Jackson, “the Servant” in the “presence of his Sovereign, the People.”3 Jackson was a westerner, a war hero, an Indian fighter, a self-made man, a plain-spoken republican, and, unlike his six predecessors—four from the Virginia and two from the Massachusetts elite—not classically educated. In some ways, he was the first truly American president—not shaped by British manners and mores but something unique to this continent. The weather rose to the occasion. Inauguration day, March 4, 1829, had started out “damp and cold” before becoming a “delightful and balmy day, with a clear sunshine and a soft southwest wind.”4 As the people approached the White House to witness the momentous event, they filled the streets and greenways and stood on every balcony, portico, and terrace.5 They had been streaming into Washington for days, much to the delight and horror of many observers. As one not wholly unsympathetic senator noted, here was a manifestation of the god “De[i]mos” in all of his majesty and terror.6 While gratified by the crowd’s enthusiasm, General Andrew Jackson felt a tinge of melancholy. His beloved wife Rachel had passed away suddenly, only four months earlier. She had died knowing that her husband had been elected president. But for Jackson, he had lost his closest adviser and confidante, one who had been with him through his more than thirty years of public service.7 Wearing a suit of unadorned black cloth, still in mourning for Rachel, General Andrew Jackson walked from Brown’s Hotel to Gadsby’s Hotel, where he was honored by a group of Revolutionary War veterans. He looked old and tired—his friends said he had aged twenty years in the last four months—and his journey from The Hermitage in Tennessee to Washington both inspired and exhausted him. Everywhere he stopped on that journey, which he had started in January, he heard proclamations of “Hurrah for Jackson.” Every Ohioan, it was claimed, had shown up in Cincinnati to see the president-elect and so allegedly had every Pennsylvanian as he passed through Pittsburgh.8 William Polk, the leader of the veterans gathered at Gadsby’s, offered his praise of the soon-to-be president. “We have entire confidence that the exercise of the same transcendent virtues [that were to be found in George Washington], will, under God, preserve inviolate our liberties, independence and union, during your administration,” Polk proclaimed, and, “like your first predecessor, may you add a civic monument to your martial glory; and like his, may they be imperishable.”9 Jackson, himself a veteran of the Revolutionary War, responded that on his inauguration day, he could think of no better companions than those who had fought under Washington. At eleven that morning, officers who had served under him at the 1815 Battle of New Orleans saluted Jackson in a similar ceremony. These men escorted President-elect Jackson to the Senate. He entered that chamber at 11:30 a.m., joined by U.S. congressmen, delegates, and ambassadors from foreign countries, and spectators fortunate enough to arrive in time to crowd into the room. Many of his admirers noted how republican Jackson looked in his plain clothes, standing straight, “crowned” by his dignified grey hair, while the foreigners looked buffoonish in their capes and official regalia. “Where lives the American who does not rejoice in the contrast,” asked the United States Telegraph.10 The whole event of the inaugural put the Europeans to shame, Washington resident Margaret Bayard Smith thought. “Even Europeans might have acknowledged that a free people, collected in their might, silent and tranquil, restrained solely by moral power without a shadow around of military force, was majesty, rising to sublimity, and far surpassing the majesty of Kings and Princes, surrounded with