Imperial Tombs in Tang China, 618–907 This important landmark book examines the religious,political,social and artistic significance of the imperial tombs of the Tang dynasty (AD618–907).It explores, in detail,the finest recently excavated Chinese tombs of the Tang period,focusing on the architectonic form of these mausolea and the content and aesthetics of their magnificent mural paintings. In introducing a selection of imperial,aristocratic and official tombs,the book highlights the fascinating circumstances of burial.The author sets the tombs in the broader context of Chinese culture and discusses such issues as the Tang concept of the soul and the afterlife,the politics of mausoleum architecture,the official status of women and the implications for the living of the burial conditions of family members. This intellectually and visually stimulating book is the first up-to-date, accessible presentation of the Tang tombs. Dr Tonia Eckfeld is Senior Fellow in Art History and Asian Studies at the University of Melbourne.She lectures internationally on the art and architectural history of China,India and Japan.She has conducted extensive research throughout Asia and has received numerous academic awards,including a researchfellowship to Harvard. RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Early History of Asia 1 Imperial Tombs in Tang China,618–907 The politics of paradise Tonia Eckfeld Imperial Tombs in Tang China, 618–907 The politics of paradise Tonia Eckfeld First published 2005 by RoutledgeCurzon 2 Park Square,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 270 Madison Ave,New York,NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group © 2005 Tonia Eckfeld All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,or other means,now known or hereafter invented,including photocopying and recording,or in any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Eckfeld,Tonia,1957– Imperial tombs in Tang China,618–907 :the politics ofparadise / Tonia Eckfeld p.cm.– (RoutledgeCurzonstudies in the early history ofAsia;1) Inculdes bibliographical references and index. 1.China – Kings and rulers – Tombs.2.China – History – Tang dynasty,618–907.3. Tombs – China.I.Title.II.Series. DS719.E35 2004 951'.017–dc22 2004004780 ISBN 0-203-01962-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–30220–X (alk.paper) To my parents Contents List of illustrations viii Chronology of Chinese periods xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 PART I Place, form and function 7 1 Ambition and archetype 9 2 Li Xian’s tomb 29 3 Relative status 50 4 Builders and painters 58 5 Passages of rites 68 PART II Visions of kingdoms 85 6 Palatial quarters 87 7 Pleasures and protocols 105 8 Courtly women 123 Conclusion 136 Notes 138 Index 159 Illustrations Colour plates (between pages 84 and 85) 1 Xingningling mausoleum 2 Shunling mausoleum 3 Pottery figurines of a military official and a civil official from LiXian’stomb 4 Painting of female attendants – Yide’s tomb,rear chamber 5 The passage of Li Xian’s tomb 6 Painting of protection guards – Li Xian’s tomb passage 7 Painting of triple gate towers – Yide’s tomb passage 8 Painting of riderless horse,groom and attendants – Li Shou’s tomb tunnel 9 Painting of Chinese officials and foreign emissaries – Li Xian’s tomb tunnel 10 Painting of a hunting scene (detail) – Li Xian’s tomb passage 11 Painting of a contemplative sage – Wei Hao’s tomb,front chamber 12 Painting of landscape (detail) – Jiemin’s tomb passage 13 Painting of female performers – Li Xian’s tomb,front chamber 14 Painting of four female court attendants – Princess Xincheng’s tomb chamber 15 Painting of a woman with a red shawl – Li Xian’s tomb, front corridor 16 Painting of Watching a bird while catching a cicada– Li Xian’s tomb,front chamber Figures 0.1 Excavation of a Tang tomb 2 0.2 Map of China showing the area containing Tang imperial tombs 3 0.3 Map showing the locations of the tombs of the first eighteen Tang emperors 4 Illustrations ix 1.1 Map showing the locations of the tombs of the Western Han emperors 10 1.2 Stone sculpture of a horse suppressing a foreign man – Maoling 11 1.3 Reconstructed map of Tang Chang’an 13 1.4 Stone sculpture of a rhinoceros – Xianling 15 1.5 Stone relief sculpture of a horse – Zhaoling 18 1.6 Roof tile – Zhaoling 18 1.7 View of Qianling mausoleum 20 1.8 Layout of Qianling mausoleum 22 1.9 Stone sculpture of an ostrich – Qianling mausoleum 24 1.10 Stone sculptures of foreign emissaries– Qianling mausoleum 25 1.11 Map showing the distribution of attendant tombs at Qianling 27 2.1 Outline genealogy of the Tang imperial family up to the mid-eighth century 30 2.2 Li Xian’s tomb,Qianling 33 2.3 Rubbings of Li Xian’s epitaph tablets 34 2.4 Diagram of Li Xian’s tomb compound 37 2.5 Diagrammatic layout of Li Xian’s tomb 38 2.6 Silver-plated bronze mirror from Li Xian’s tomb 40 2.7 Rubbing of the stone doorway in Li Xian’s tomb 42 2.8 Plan of Li Xian’s tomb,rear chamber 43 2.9 Pottery figurines of a groom and horse – Li Xian’s tomb 46 2.10 Pottery figurines of a groom with Bactrian camel – Li Xian’s tomb 47 2.11 Pottery figurine of a heavenly king – Li Xian’s tomb 48 2.12 Pottery figurines of two apotropaic beasts – Li Xian’s tomb 49 3.1 Stone sculpture of a sheep – Li Xian’s tomb 56 4.1 Painting of seven Han eunuch officials – Yide’s tomb 63 4.2 Signature on the ceiling of Yide’s tomb,front chamber 64 5.1 Yongtai’s epitaph tablet cover and tablet 73 6.1 Diagrams showing the pictorial programme in Li Shou’s tomb 89 6.2 Diagram of the pictorial programme in Princess Xincheng’s tomb,east wall 91 6.3 North–south sectional view of Yide’s tomb 93 6.4 North–south sectional view of Li Xian’s tomb 94 6.5 Painting of gate surveillance guards – Li Xian’s tomb 96 6.6 Painting of a eunuch gate monitor – Li Xian’s tomb 97 6.7 Rubbing of line incised decoration on Li Xian’s stone outer coffin 99 6.8 Restored view of the Hanyuan Throne Hall 100 6.9 Painting of guards and halberd rack – Li Shou’s tomb 103 6.10 Painting of a rack of halberds– Li Xian’s tomb 104 7.1 Journey scene– rubbing of a stone lintel from a Han tomb 106 7.2 Diagram of murals in Lou Rui’s tomb 108