TheShortOxfordHistoryofGermany Imperial Germany 1871–1918 This page intentionally left blank The Short Oxford History of Germany Imperial Germany 1871 – 1918 Edited by James Retallack 1 1 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ©ineditorialmatterandarrangementJamesRetallack,2008 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2008 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData ImperialGermany,1871–1918/editedbyJamesRetallack. p.cm.—(ShortOxfordhistoryofGermany) Includesindex. ISBN978–0–19–920487–8—ISBN978–0–19–920488–5 1.Germany—History—1871–1918. I.Retallack,JamesN. DD220.I6452008 943.08’4—dc22 2008000936 TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN978–0–19–920487–8(Pbk) 978–0–19–920488–5(Hbk) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TheShortOxfordHistoryofGermany TheShortOxfordHistoryofGermanyseriesprovidesaconcise,readable, and authoritative point of entry for the history of Germany, from the dawnofthenineteenthcenturytothepresentday.Theseriesisdivided intofivevolumes,eachonedealingwithadistinctphaseinthecountry’s history.Thefirsttwovolumestakethereaderfromthedyingdaysofthe HolyRomanEmpire, throughunificationunder Prussianleadership in 1871,tothecollapseoftheWilhelmineReichattheendoftheFirstWorld War. The subsequent three volumes then focus on the Weimar period from1919to1933;thecalamitousyearsoftheThirdReichandtheSecond WorldWar;andGermanysince1945,firstastwoseparatestatesonthe frontlineoftheColdWarandlaterasareunifiedcountryattheheartof Europe. nowavailable: Germany,1800–1870 NaziGermany,1933–1945 inpreparation: WeimarGermany,1919–1933 Germanysince1945 This page intentionally left blank Contents Listofmaps xi Listofcontributors xii Introduction 1 JamesRetallack Continuityandrupture 2 ‘Playingwithscales’ 6 Contestingthepast 8 Keythemes 11 1 BismarckianGermany 18 KatharineAnneLerman Thenewempire 20 GermanyinEurope 23 Bismarck’sforeignpolicy 26 Thetaskofnationalconsolidation 31 Bismarck’sdomesticpolicies 34 TheendoftheBismarckianera 38 2 WilhelmineGermany 40 MarkHewitson Socialtraditionsandconflictsinanervousage 41 Domesticpolitics 43 WorldempiresandEuropeanpolitics 50 TheFirstWorldWar 55 ImperialGermany’splaceinhistory 57 3 Economicandsocialdevelopments 61 BrettFairbairn Classsociety 62 Fromagrariantoindustrialstate 69 viii contents Bigbusiness,technology,andthestate 73 Complexidentities 77 Conclusion 80 4 Religionandconfessionalconflict 83 ChristopherClark Conflict 86 Integration 93 TheJews 95 Religion,secularization,modernization 101 5 Cultureandthearts 106 CeliaApplegate Institutionsoftheculturalworld 109 Amateursandartculture 112 Seriousartandtheartestablishment 116 Artforentertainment 119 GermanModernismandtheavant-garde 120 6 GenderedGermany 128 AngelikaSchaser Thegendereddistributionoflife’sopportunities 130 Childhoodandyouth 131 Educationandtraining 133 Employment 135 Waysoflife 138 Oldageanddeath 140 Thewomen’smovementandanti-feminism 140 Nationalism,‘highpolitics’,andwar 144 Conclusion 147 7 Thebourgeoisieandreform 151 EdwardRossDickinson Identity,politics,values 152 contents ix Therangeanddiversityofreform 156 Thepotentialsanddynamicsofbourgeoisreform 166 Unityindiversity:assumptions,orientations,strategies 169 8 Politicalcultureanddemocratization 174 ThomasKu¨hne Theauthoritarianstateanditshistorians 177 Nationbuildingandsocialpillarization 182 Newdeparturesatthefindesi`ecle 186 Pathstowardsdemocracy 191 9 Militarismandradicalnationalism 196 RogerChickering Soldiersandpolicy 197 Themilitarizationofculture 199 Warandthediscourseofpolitics 202 Populistmilitarism 206 Thenationaloppositionandthemilitary 211 10 TransnationalGermany 219 SebastianConrad Transnationalhistoriography 221 Actors,media,publicspheres 224 ‘Worldpolitics’,worldmarkets,mobility 226 Politicsofthenation 230 Subjectivities,representations,knowledge 232 Germanyintheworld 235 Takingstock 238 11 Warandrevolution 242 JeffreyVerhey Thespiritof1914:publicopinioninJulyandAugust 243 Militarydevelopments 245 Thehomefront 247