This page intentionally left blank IMPERIAL BOUNDARIES ImperialBoundariesisastudyofimperialexpansionandlocaltrans- formationonRussia’sDonSteppefrontierduringtheageofPeterthe Great.BrianJ.BoeckconnectstherivalryoftheRussianandOttoman empiresinthenorthernBlackSeabasintothesocialhistoryoftheDon Cossacks, who were transformed from an open, democratic, multi- ethnic, male fraternity dedicated to frontier raiding into a closed, ethnic community devoted to defending and advancing the bound- ariesoftheRussianstate.Heshowshowbypromotingborderpatrol, migration control, bureaucratic regulation of cross-border contacts, anddeportationofdissidents,PeterIdestroyedtheworldoftheold steppe and created a new imperial Cossack order in its place. In examiningthistransformation,ImperialBoundariesaddresseskeyhis- toricalissuesofimperialexpansion,thede-legitimizationofnon-state violence,theconstructionofborders,andtheencroachingboundaries ofstateauthorityinthelivesoflocalcommunities. brian j. boeck isAssistantProfessorintheHistoryDepartment atDePaulUniversity,Chicago,Illinois. new studies in european history Editedby peter baldwin, UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles christopher clark, UniversityofCambridge james b. collins, GeorgetownUniversity mia rodr´ıguez-salgado, LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience lyndal roper, UniversityofOxford timothy snyder, YaleUniversity The aim of this series in early modern and modern European history is to publish outstanding works of research, addressed to important themes across a wide geographical range, from southern and central Europe, to Scandinavia and Russia, from the time of the Renaissance to the Second WorldWar.Asitdevelops,theserieswillcomprisefocusedworksofwide contextualrangeandintellectualambition. Afulllistoftitlespublishedintheseriescanbefoundat: www.cambridge.org/newstudiesineuropeanhistory IMPERIAL BOUNDARIES Cossack Communities and Empire-Building in the Age of Peter the Great BRIAN J. BOECK DePaulUniversity CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521514637 © Brian J. Boeck 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-64150-3 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-51463-7 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Listofmapsandillustrations pagevii Acknowledgments viii Listofabbreviations x Introduction   Beyondborders,betweenworlds:RussianEmpireandthe makingoftheDonsteppefrontier   Peopleandpoweronthefrontier:liberty,diversity,and de-centralizationintheDonregionto   Amiddlegroundbetweenautonomyanddependence:the raidingeconomyoftheDonsteppefrontierto   Boundariesofintegrationorexclusion?Migration,mobility, andstatesovereigntyonthesouthernfrontierto   Testingtheboundariesofimperialalliance:cooperation, negotiationandresistanceintheeraofRazin(–)   BetweenRus’andRossiia:realigningtheboundariesof Cossackcommunitiesinatimeofmigrationandtransition (–)   Theeraofraskol:religionandrebellion(–)   Incorporationwithoutintegration:theAzovinterlude (–)   Fromfrontiertoborderland:thedemarcationofthesteppe andthedelegitimizationofraiding(–)  v vi Contents  Boundariesofland,liberty,andidentity:makingtheDon regionlegibletoimperialofficials(–)   TheBulavinuprising:thelaststandoftheoldsteppe (–)   ReshapingtheDonintheimperialimage:power,privilege, andpatronageinthepost-Bulavinera(–)   ClosingtheCossackcommunity:recordingandpolicingthe boundariesofgroupidentity(–)   Aborderlinestateofmind:theclosingoftheDonsteppe frontier(–)  Afterword  Index  Maps and illustrations maps . TheDonregion pagexii . ThewiderworldoftheDonsteppefrontier xiii illustrations . SealoftheDonHostintroducedin.Source:Chteniia imperatorskogoobshchestvaistoriiidrevnostei(),book, p..  . Eighteenth-centuryrepresentationofaCossack(afteracopper engravingbyCasparLuiken).Source:aneighteenth-century Germanprintintheauthor’spersonalcollection.  vii Acknowledgments This study began in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Large portions of it were written in New Haven, Washington DC, Madrid (Spain), Rome, and Venice (Italy). Revisions were completed in New York, Los Angeles, Marion(Texas),andChicago.MyfascinationwiththeDonCossacksnever wanedduringthedozensofpersonalandprofessionalperegrinationsthat took place while working on this project. Without constant support and encouragement from my wife Dr. Elena Boeck, who is both my great- est muse and my most incisive commentator, this study would not have appearedinprintinCambridge,England. Several institutions have shaped this study in substantial ways with their generosity. Significant funding for this project was provided by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) and the Social Sci- enceResearchCouncil(SSRC).APackardFellowshipadministeredbythe GraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencesatHarvardenabledmetocomplete myPh.D.inatimelyfashion.Apost-doctoralfellowshipprovidedbythe HarrimanInstituteatColumbiaprovidedmewithanopportunitytowork onthismanuscriptinaninvigoratingandcongenialsetting.TheUniversity Research Council of DePaul University generously underwrote travel expenses and costs associated with preparing the manuscript for submis- sion. I owe a debt of gratitude to the staff of RGADA for their assistance andformaintaininganefficientarchivaloperationinaverydifficultperiod (theeconomiccrisisof).TheDavisCenterforRussianandEurasian Studies at Harvard was a stimulating place to observe the demise of the USSR. By taking a chance on my candidacy to the master’s program, the RRCchangedmylife.Finally,theUniversityofTexashelpedmyacademic visiontobecomeclearerandformerProvostStephenRiterintroducedme to the delights of inspecting the borderlands and bad-lands of the Rio Grandefrombothgreaterheightsandthetiltofarear-viewmirror. Many individuals provided encouragement and invaluable assistance duringthecourseofmyworkonthisbook.Myparentseachcontributed viii