C O N T E N T S Sl. No. ITEM Page No. 1 Chapter One 1 Executive Summary 2 Chapter Two – 41 Historical Background and Objectives of Krishi Vigyan Kendra [K.V.K.] Programme and its Present Status in Madhya Pradesh 3 Chapter Three – 46 Frame and Methodology of the Study 4 Chapter Four – 50 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhopal 5 Chapter Five 164 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indore 6 Chapter Six 263 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chhindwada 7 Chapter Seven 360 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Satna 8 Chapter Eight 442 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shahdol 9 Chapter Nine 523 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tikamgarh 10 Chapter Ten 602 The Wrap-Up 11 Chapter Eleven 623 The Recommendation 12 Addendum 628 Chapter – One Executive Summary 1.1 The agriculture sector forms the backbone of Nation’s economy. Since the percentage of workers engaged in agriculture to total workers is 58.80, any attempt to growth with social justice shall have to keep the agriculture on priority list. [Para, 2.1] 1.2 Since the initial years of economic planning, particularly from the Third Plan onwards, agriculture remained the prime agenda of planners. With the advent of new technologies in the field of agriculture, it was felt necessary to come out with package of programme to boost agriculture output to desired levels. The best way, thus perceived was to take technological advancement to farming communities in the form of packages of basic agriculture inputs. This is where the concept of constituting Krishi Vigyan Kendras took roots in the sensibilities of agriculture experts, that, in subsequent years, took deeper roots. [Para, 2.4] 1.3 Consequent upon the recommendations of Education Commission [1964-66], the Indian Council of Agriculture Research [I.C.A.R.], Government of India, finally mooted the idea of establishing Krishi Vigyan Kendras [Agriculture Science Centres] as innovative institutions for imparting vocational training to the practicing farmers, school drop-outs and the field level extension functionaries with the following basic suggestions of:- - Accelerating production relating to agriculture and its allied sectors in the operational area of Kendra. - Experiential learning, i.e., “teaching by doing” and “learning by doing” should be the principal methods of imparting training. - The benefits of training should reach to the poorest of the poor sections of the community for raising their living conditions. [Para 2.5, 2.6] 1.4 During Eighth Plan period the mandates of the K.V.K. was revised as detailed below:- - Conducting “On Farm Testing” for identifying technologies in terms of location specific sustainable land-use systems. - Organising training to up-date the knowledge of extension personnel regarding latest development in agriculture field on regular basis. - Organising short and long run vocational courses in agriculture and allied vocations for farmers and rural youth with emphasis on learning by doing for higher productivity and generating self employment. - Organising “Front Line Demonstrations” on various crops to generate production data and their information. [Para, 2.7] 1.5 In order to achieve the above mandates, the broad Objectives of the K.V.Ks. are:- - Demonstrate the latest agricultural technologies to the farmers as well as the extension workers of the State Departments of Agriculture/Horticulture/ Fisheries/Animal Husbandary/N.G.Os. with a view to reduce the time-lag between technology generation and its adoption. - Impart training to practicing farmers/farm women/rural youth and field level extension functionaries by following the method of “teaching by doing” and “learning by doing”. - Krishi Vigyan Kendras should have no uniform syllabus, the courses will vary according to the local requirements and specific needs of the targeted groups. - The district being the operational area of K.V.K. may be covered in phased manner. - The training courses and other programmes of the Kendras should be in line with the developmental programmes of the government. [Para, 2.8] 1.6 The basic objective of the K.V.K., therefore, is to carry the technological advancement relating to agriculture to the farms in phased manner to enhance agriculture production through the techniques of vocational training, front line demonstration and on farm testing in spheres of agriculture and its allied sectors including the subjects like home science and training of rural youth for creating the avenue of self employment as well. The phased development of the district is supposed to be achieved by adopting limited number of villages for intensive efforts, the flow effects of which is supposed to influence the cluster group of villages around the periphery of the adopted villages. [Para, 2.9] 1.7 The frame of the study is as follows:- a. No. of K.V.K. 6 b. No. of Adopted Villages 3 x 6 = 18 c. No. of Cluster Villages 2 x 3 x 6 = 36 d. One Control Village from each K.V.K. 1 x 6 = 6 e. The total number of villages covered 60 [Para, 3.5] 1.8 The methodology consists of details of the schedule as given below:- VILLAGE SCHEDULE : This schedule has been canvassed to all the adopted villages [18], cluster villages [36] and control villages [6]. [Para, 3.7] 1.9 HOUSE LISTING SCHEDULE : The information in this schedule has been collected from all the 60 villages. [Para, 3.12] 1.10 HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE : this schedule consists of 25 percent of the households taken from House Listing Schedule. [Para, 3.14] 1.11 INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE : This questionnaire consists of 25 percent of individuals taken from Household Schedule. 2 KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, BHOPAL 1.12 Established in the year 1979, the K.V.K. is located in Nabibagh, Berasia Road area of capital city of Bhopal. The institution is run under the supervision of Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering [C.I.A.E.], G.O.I. with Director as head of the institution. The farm area of the K.V.K. is 20 hectares, entirely cultivated and irrigated. [Para, 4.8] 1.13 Regarding budget allocation, the K.V.K. receives an average allocation of Rs. 31.35 lakh per year against which the average expenditure is around Rs. 29.21 lakh per annum. [Para, 4.10] RESULTS OF SURVEY – VILLAGE PARTICULARS 1.14 The total population of ten identified villages of K.V.K., Bhopal as per census, 2001 is 8778 constituting 2.59 percent to total rural population of district Bhopal. In all the ten identified villages the percentage of S.C. population is more than the S.T. population. The literacy rate that range between 52.60 percent in village Ratibad to 66.50 percent in village Kolukhedi is close to district percentage literacy level of 64.27 and state level of 64.11 percent. [Para, 4.39] 1.15 The work participation rate that ranged between 24.10 percent for village Kolukhedi to 56.40 percent for village Ratibad, is, in general, more among males than females. The proportion of non-workers that ranged between 43.10 percent in village Manikhedi Kot to 75.90 percent in village Kolukhedi, presents a dismal picture as it shows higher number of dependent population. [Para, 4.41] 1.16 In all the ten number of villages covered under the study, agriculture remains to be the main occupation. The proportion of cultivators to main workers is more than that of agriculture labour with preponderance of male cultivators over females. In case of agriculture labour, a reverse trend is true. [Para, 4.42, 4.43] 1.17 Regarding land-use the gross cropped area of identified ten number of villages is 83.59 percent of the total geographical area of ten number of villages. As regards irrigation the percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area is 37.18 for ten identified villages which is more than the district average of 33.19 percent and state average of 28.54 percent. [Para 4.45, 4.46] 1.18 All the ten number of villages covered under the study are electrified with irregular power supply situation having 1464 number of pump sets energized which is 8.65 percent to total number of pump sets energized in Bhopal district, that stands at 16,923 for the year 1999-2000. [Para, 4.93] 1.19 The availability of the facility of road infrastructure in identified ten number of villages is satisfactory as they have fair weather roads within the villages and also the link roads to all weather roads. [Para, 4.93] 1.20 In all the identified ten villages the primary schools exist within the village limits. [Para, 4.93] 1.21 Against the total number of ten villages, 3 number of villages have Sub-Health Centres within the village while 4 villages have Sub-Health-Centres within 5 km limit and 3 villages have this facility at a distance of more than 5 kms. [Para, 4.93] 3 1.22 In all the ten number of sample villages one or the other drinking water source, mostly hand pumps is available. [Para, 4.93] RESULTS OF SURVEY – HOUSEHOLD PARTICULARS MACRO DIMENSION 1.23 Information from all the 1245 households residing in 10 number of sample villages has been collected with average size of the family of 7 persons. [Para, 4.94, 4.97] 1.24 There is preponderance of households from S.C. communities and O.B.Cs. that constitute 84.02 percent to total households. [Para, 4.99] 1.25 Against the total number of 1245 households, 1219 households belong to Hindu community constituting 97.91 percent to total households. Only 26 families are following the muslim religion. [Para, 4.101] 1.26 Agriculture is the main stay of the households residing in ten identified villages as 86.75 percent of households are engaged directly in agriculture, as main occupation. [Para, 4.118] 1.27 Only 18 number of households from adopted and cluster group of villages constituting 1.45 percent to total number of households are engaged in livestock activities as source of main occupation. [Para, 4.118] 1.28 Regarding average monthly income, 83.54 percent of the households are in the income range of Rs. 1001.00 and above per-month which indicates the affluence level of the area. [Para, 4.118] RESULTS OF THE SURVEY – MICRO DIMENSION 1.29 In this part of the write-up 25 percent of the households, i.e. 314, have been taken for detailed inquiry. [Para, 4.119] 1.30 Out of the total number of 1921 family members the males are 1044 [54.35 percent] while females are 877 [45.65 percent]. [Para, 4.121] 1.31 The literacy percentage being 88.03 percent in sample area is amazingly high. The overall educational scenario that emerges shows the absorption capacity of the people of the sample area to adopt latest technology regarding agriculture imparted by K.V.K. [Para, 4.135] 1.32 The bulk of farming communities is from the category of farmers consisting of middle level and big cultivators constituting 72.26 percent to total of 359 persons pursuing main occupations that denotes feasibility to implement various technology related to agriculture. [Para, 4.135] 4 1.33 Regarding average monthly income 82.77 percent of family members are within the income range of Rs. 1001.00 and above per month which is obvious as most of the farmers are pursuing agriculture on viable manner. [Para, 4.135] IMPACT OF K.V.K.–VOCATIONAL TRAINING–ADOPTED AND CLUSTER VILLAGES 1.34 Regarding yield per-hectare both for agronomical and horticultural crops the after training situations as compared to before training conditions are better that clearly shows the positive impact of vocational training imparted by the K.V.K. [Para, 4.189] 1.35 In case of crops like wheat, maize, gram, arhar, lentil, soybean and mustard the per-hectare yield in after training situations is more than average productivity prevailing both at district and state levels. The impact of the K.V.Ks. effort, thus, is evident. [Para, 4.189] 1.36 For important horticultural crops like tomato, brinjal and bhindi wherein the participation rate is 10.69 percent, 11.24 percent and 7.25 percent respectively, the per-hectare yield in after training situations is more than those prevailing in before training conditions thus vouching the positive impact of K.V.Ks. efforts. [Para, 4.189] 1.37 Livestock and dairying where the participation rate that ranged between 4.48 percent for improved breeding practices to 8.97 percent for milk production need some more effort to enhance the participation of the villagers. [Para, 4.189] 1.38 For home science activities the important constituents are preparation of pickles, bakery items, making of papad/badi etc. where though participation is limited but the things are picking-up giving a promise of better performance. [Para, 4.189] 1.39 Agro-forestry is yet another field where 32 number of households from six villages have taken advantage of vocational training programme. [Para 4.189] 1.40 Regarding watershed activities, 38 number of households that comes to 13.10 percent to total number of sample households have participated in the training relating to construction of soak-pits. [Para, 4.189] IMPACT OF K.V.K. – FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS – ADOPTED AND CLUSTER VILLAGES 1.41 Organisation of Front Line Demonstration has led to enhanced productivity in most of the agriculture and horticulture crops in after training situations as compared to before training conditions which are positive impacts of the efforts of Bhopal K.V.K. [Para, 4.219] 1.42 In cluster group of villages the performance is as good as adopted villages that shows the efforts of agriculture scientists have percolated to such villages through various forward linkages. [Para, 4.219] 5 1.43 For crops like wheat, gram, arhar, mustard and potato the number of front line demonstrations to the tune of 52,40,9,7 and 7 have been organised with per-hectare yields higher than those prevailing at district and state levels in after training situations. [Para, 4.219] IMPACT OF K.V.K. – ON FARM TESTING 1.44 Regarding On Farm Testing also the per-hectare yield of all the agronomical and horticulture crops is higher in after training conditions as compared to before training situations showing the positive impact of K.V.Ks. effort. [Para, 4.241] 1.45 Major number of on farm testings have been organised for crops like wheat [14 numbers] gram [10 numbers], soybean [20 numbers], tomato [2 numbers], brinjal [3 numbers] and agro-forestry [2 numbers] with per-hectare yield of most of the crops higher than those prevailing both at district and state levels. [Para, 4.241] STATUS OF ACTIVITIES IN CONTROL VILLAGE – MANIKHEDI KOT 1.46 The study has identified one control village i.e. Manikhedi-Kot with 15 sample households and 90 sample family members where there is no intervention of K.V.K. In the following table comparative information regarding performance in control village and adopted and cluster villages has been shown. [Para, 4.242] Comparative Status of Performance Among Control Village and Adopted and Cluster Villages Sl. Item Control Village Adopted and cluster Difference [+ or -] No. villages (average) over col. 3 1 2 3 4 5 PER HECTARE YIELD – KG CEREALS 1 Wheat 1971.00 2076.00 +105.00 2 Paddy 576.00 700.00 +124.00 3 Maize 1492.00 1975.00 +483.00 4 Jowar 596.00 1002.00 +406.00 PULSES 5 Gram 1059.00 1252.00 +193.00 6 Arhar 1115.00 1455.00 +340.00 7 Lentil 811.00 1003.00 +192.00 OIL SEEDS 8 Soybean 1127.00 1156.00 +29.00 9 Mustard 857.00 1216.00 +359.00 10 Linseed 457.00 - - HORTICULTURE CROPS PER HECTARE YIELD – QUINTAL 11 Potato 100.00 181.00 +81.00 12 Onion - 151.67 - 13 Tomato - 178.44 - 14 Brinjal 100.00 197.00 +97.00 15 Chilly 160.00 201.00 +41 16 Bhindi 50.00 113.00 +63 17 Cucerbits - 127.75 - 18 Spices - - - 19 Papaya - 200.50 - 20 Citrus - 30.00 - 6 1.47 The conclusion that can be drawn from the above narration is that regarding agronomical and horticulture crop productivity, the performance of adopted and cluster villages, where there is intervention of K.V.K. is better than the performance of control village that shows the positive impact of K.V.Ks. efforts over the crop production. [Para, 4.256] RESULTS OF SURVEY – INDIVIDUAL PARTICULARS 1.48 The reactions of the 25 percent of individuals taken from the family members of the 25 percent households have been recorded. The table below shows the details; Basic Details Sl. Item Total number of family members of 25 % of individuals taken No. 25% of households from 25% of households 1 2 3 4 1 Adopted Villages 761 188 2 Cluster Villages 1070 269 3 Control Village 90 23 Total 1921 480 [Para, 4.268] Individual Particulars - Adopted and Cluster Villagers 1.49 The criteria for selection of individuals are - the individual should be the adult member of the family, he should be associated with any programme of K.V.K., he should be literate – may be without having any formal education. These criteria are common for all the six K.V.Ks. covered under the study. [Para, 4.323] 1.50 The bulk of 360 individuals are from O.B.C. group that accounts for 78.77 percent to total number of 457 individuals. [Para, 4.323] 1.51 The cent-percent awareness about the services rendered by the K.V.K. is a positive indication. [Para, 4.323] 1.52 The regular contact of 98.47 percent of individuals is an achievement of K.V.K. [Para, 4.323] 1.53 Regarding level of satisfaction of individuals about the services of K.V.K., agronomy, home science, agro-forestry, watershed and horticulture are the areas of maximum satisfaction. [Para, 4.323] 1.54 Regarding impact of K.V.K. activities over income enhancement, 447 individuals, which is 97.81 percent to total of 457 individuals have reported agronomy as the main source of income enhancement. [Para, 4.323] 1.55 As regards continuance of the services of K.V.K., 444 individuals [96.16 percent to total of 457 individuals] have reported in favour of the continuance of the services rendered by the K.V.K. [Para, 4.323] 7 1.56 It is worth considering to incorporate in the mandate of the K.V.K., the subjects like production of by-products and development of marketing strategy of the products of the cultivators. [Para, 4.323] 1.57 Regarding impact of income enhancement, 84.63 percent, 96.72 percent and 38.07 percent individuals to total of 457 individuals respectively have reported positive impact over education, health status and housing conditions respectively. [Para, 4.323] INDIVIDUAL PARTICULARS – CONTROL VILLAGE 1.58 The majority of individuals i.e. 95.65 percent to total of 23 individuals are from the community of O.B.C. [Para, 4.340] 1.59 Regarding satisfaction level of per-hectare yield of agronomical and horticulture produce, only 4.35 percent individuals are satisfied with the present level of per-hectare yield against the level of satisfaction of 96.28 percent individuals in case of adopted/cluster villages. [Para, 4.340] 1.60 Regarding elementary level of education 56.62 percent individuals have reported that their male wards attend the school while for female wards 47.83 percent individuals have reported for their school attendance. [Para, 4.340] 1.61 A very satisfactory level of health scenario is existing in the control village. [Para, 4.340] 1.62 Regarding housing facilities, the individual of control village have shown interest in construction of semi pucca houses, pucca houses and separate cattle shed. [Para, 4.340] 8