Impact of Pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY Editors: Ariel Dinar David Zilberrnan Agricultural and Natural Resources Department of Agricultural and Department Resource Economics The World Bank University of California, Berkeley 1818 H Street, NW Berkeley, CA 94720 Washington, DC 20433 EDITORIAL STATEMENT There is a growing awareness of the role that natural resources such as water, land, forests, and environmental amenities play in our lives. Society is challenged to manage competing uses for natural resources for improving social well being. Furthermore, there may be dire consequences for natural resources mis management. Renewable resources such as water, land, and the environment are linked, and decisions made about one may affect the others. Policy and management of natural resources now require an interdisciplinary approach including natural and social sciences to correctly address our society's preferences. This series provides a collection of works containing the most recent findings on the economics, management, and policy of renewable biological resources such as water, land, crop protection, sustainable agriculture, technology, and environmental health. It incorporates modern thinking and techniques of economics and management. Books in this series will incorporate knowledge and models of natural phenomena with economics and managerial decision frameworks to assess alternative options for managing natural resources and environment. This book addresses an important problem-the control of pests and the regulation of pesticides in rice, one of the world's major crops. The book embodies the essence of the series by taking an interdisciplinary approach, combining biological and public health models and information within an economic framework. The Series Editors Recently Published Books in the Series Gowdy, John, Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment Hueth, Darrell L., and Furtan, William H., Economics of Agricultural Crop Insurance: Theory and Evidence Schmitz, A, Moulton, K., Buckwell, A, and Davidova, S., Privatization of Agriculture in New Market Economies: Lessons from Bulgaria Spubler, Nicolas, and Sabbaghi, Asghar, Economics of Water Resources: From Regulation to Privatization Wilhite, Donald A, Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies Impact of Pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment edited by Prabhu L. Pingali International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines Pierre A. Roger Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique Pour le Development en Cooperation (ORSTOM), Universite de Provence Marseille, France Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Assistant Technical Editor: Roberla D. Valmonte-Gerpacio Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Impact 01 pesticides on larmer health and the rice environment I Prabhu l. Pingali and Pierre A. Roger. p. cm. - (Natural resource management and policy) Includes bibliographical relerences and index. ISBN 978-94-010-4282-6 ISBN 978-94-011-0647-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0647-4 1. Toxicology-Philippines. 2. Toxicology-Asia. 3. Pesticides-Environmental aspects-Philippines. 4. Pesticides Environmental aspects-Asia. 5. Rice larmers-Health risk assessment-Philippines. 6. Rice larmers-Health risk assessment Asia. 1. Pingali, Prabhu l., 1955- . II. Roger, Pierre A. III. Series. RA1270.P4147 1995 363. 17'923'09599-dc20 94-45040 CIP Copyright © 1955 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York in 1955 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover !sI edition 1955 AII rights reseNed. No pari 01 this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitled in any lorm or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior writlen permission 01 the publisher, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC . Printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Contributing Authors ix PART I 1 Impact of Pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment: An Overview of Results from a Multidisciplinary Study in the Philippines 3 P.L. Pingali 2 Measurement and Evaluation of the Impacts of Agricultural Chemical Use: A Framework for Analysis 23 J.M. Antle and S.M. Capalbo 3 Farmer Perceptions, Knowledge, and Pesticide Use Practices 59 H. Warburton, F.G. Palis, and P.L. Pingali 4 Misuse of Pesticides Among Rice Farmers in Leyte, Philippines 97 K.L. Heong, M.M. Escalada, and AA Lazaro PART II 5 Behavior of Pesticides in Rice-Based Agroecosystems: A Review 111 PA Roger and S.I. Bhuiyan 6 Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Pesticides in Paddy Rice Production 149 A.W. Tejada, L.M. Varca, S.M.F. Calumpang, P.P. Ocampo, M.J.B. Medina, C.M. Bajet, E.B. Paningbatan, J.R. Medina, V.P. Justo, C.dL. Habito, M.R. Martinez, and ED. Magallona vi CONTENTS 7 The Impact of Ricefield Pesticides on the Quality of Freshwater Resources 181 S.1. Bhuiyan and AR. Castaneda 8 The Impact of Pesticides on Ricefield Vertebrates with Emphasis on Fish 203 AG. Cagauan 9 The Impact of Pesticides on Nontarget Aquatic Invertebrates in Wetland Ricefields: A Review 249 I.C. Simpson and PA Roger 10 The Impact of Pesticides on Wetland Ricefield Microflora: A Review 271 PA Roger 11 An Experimental Assessment of Pesticide Impact on Soil and Water Fauna and Microflora in Wetland Ricefields of the Philippines 309 PA Roger, I.C. Simpson, B. Oficial, S. Ardales, R. Jimenez, and AG. Cagauan PART III 12 The Impact of Long-Term Pesticide Exposure on Farmer Health: A Medical and Economic Analysis in the Philippines 343 P.L. Pingali, C.B. Marquez, F.G. Palis, and AC. Rola 13 Pesticides, Productivity, and Farmer Health: A Philippine Case Study 361 J.M. Antle and P.L. Pingali PART IV 14 Public Regulatory Roles in Developing Markets: The Case of Pesticides 391 P.L. Pingali and AC. Rola Appendices A Annotated Bibliography on the Fate of Pesticides in Ricefields and Ricefield Soils 413 PA Roger CONTENTS vii B Annotated Bibliography on Pesticide Residues Detected in Fish and Other Vertebrates in Rice-Based Ecosystems 449 R.D. Valmonte-Gerpacio C Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Pesticides on Aquatic Invertebrates in Ricefields 463 I.C. Simpson D Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Pesticides on Phototrophic Microorganisms of Ricefields 493 PA Roger E Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Pesticides on Nonphototrophic Microorganisms of Ricefields 619 P.A. Roger F Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Pesticides on Human Health in Rice-Growing Areas 647 R.D. Valmonte-Gerpacio Subject Index 659 Contributing Authors Prabhu L. Pingali Florencia G. Palis Social Sciences Division Social Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute International Rice Research Institute (lRRI) (IRRI) P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines Pierre A. Roger Kong Luen Heong Institut Francais de Recherche Entomology and Plant Pathology Scientifique Division pour Ie Development en Cooperation International Rice Research Institute 213, rue la Fayette 75480 (IRRI) Paris, Cedex 10, France P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines John M. Antle Monina M. Escalada Department of Agricultural Development Communication Economics and Department Economics, Montana State University Visayas State College of Agriculture Bozeman, Montana, USA (VISCA) Baybay, Leyte, Philippines Susan Capalbo Department of Agricultural Amor A. Lazaro Economics and Entomology and Plant Pathology Economics, Montana State University Division Bozeman, Montana, USA International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Hilary Warburton P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines Overseas Development Administration Sadiqul I. Bhuiyan Abercombie House, Eaglesham Soil and Water Sciences Division Road, International Rice Research Institute East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 8EA (lRRI) United Kingdom P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines x CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Amelia W. Tejada Eduardo M. Paningbatan Pesticide Residue Laboratory Department of Soil Science National Crop Protection Center University of the Philippines at Los (NCPC) Banos University of the Philippines at Los College, Laguna, Philippines Banos College, Laguna, Philippines Jose R. Medina National Crop Protection Center Leonila M. Varca (NCPC) Pesticide Residue Laboratory University of the Philippines at Los National Crop Protection Center Banos (NCPC) College, Laguna, Philippines University of the Philippines at Los Banos Valeriana P. Justo College, Laguna, Philippines National Crop Protection Center (NCPC) University of the Philippines at Los Susan M.F. Calumpang Banos Pesticide Residue Laboratory College, Laguna, Philippines National Crop Protection Center (NCPC) University of the Philippines at Los Consuelo dL. Habito Banos Aquatic and Invertebrate Zoology College, Laguna, Philippines Laboratory Department of Zoology Institute of Biological Sciences Pablo P. Ocampo University of the Philippines at Los Vertebrate Laboratory Banos National Crop Protection Center College, Laguna, Philippines (NCPC) University of the Philippines at Los Milagros R. Martinez Banos Department of Botany College, Laguna, Philippines Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines at Los Mary Jane B. Medina Banos Vertebrate Laboratory College, Laguna, Philippines National Crop Protection Center (NCPC) Edwin D. Magallona+ University of the Philippines at Los National Crop Protection Center Banos (NCPC) College, Laguna, Philippines University of the Philippines at Los Banos Cristina M. Bajet College, Laguna, Philippines Pesticide Residue Laboratory National Crop Protection Center Ambrosio R. Castaneda (NCPC) Soil and Water Sciences Division University of the Philippines at Los International Rice Research Institute Banos (IRRI) College, Laguna, Philippines P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi Arsenia G. Cagauan International Rice Research Institute Freshwater Aquaculture Center (FAC) (IRRI) Central Luzon State University P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines (CLSU) Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines Cynthia B. Marquez Consultant, Social Sciences Division Ian C. Simpson International Rice Research Institute Natural Resources Institute (lRRI) Central Avenue, Chatham P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines Kent ME4 4TB United Kingdom Agnes C. Rola Roberto S. Oficial Associate Professor Soil Microbiology Division Department of Agricultural International Rice Research Institute Economics (lRRI) College of Economics and P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines Management University of the Philippines at Los Susan Santiago-Ardales Banos Soil Microbiology Division College, Laguna, Philippines International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Roberta D. Valmonte-Gerpacio P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines Social Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Rosario R. Jimenez (IRRI) Soil Microbiology Division P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines