J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) ISSN 0854-4425 IISSSSNN 00885544--44442255 JURNAL JJUURRNNAALL BIOLOGI BBIIOOLLOOGGII INDONESIA IINNDDOONNEESSIIAA Akreditasi: No 816/D/08/2009 Vol. 7, No. 2 Desember 2011 Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia 195 Suyadi Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and 207 Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at 213 Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in 221 Indonesia Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis 231 Stream, West Jawa Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling 243 Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd. Indriani Ekasari Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro 251 Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua 263 alba dan C. moluccensis) Dwi Astuti BOGOR, INDONESIA J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun (Juni dan Desember). Editor Pengelola Dr. Ibnu Maryanto Dr. I Made Sudiana Deby Arifiani, S.P., M.Sc Dr. Izu Andry Fijridiyanto Dewan Editor Ilmiah Dr. Abinawanto, F MIPA UI Dr. Achmad Farajalah, FMIPA IPB Dr. Ambariyanto, F. Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP Dr. Aswin Usup F. Pertanian Universitas Palangkaraya Dr. Didik Widiyatmoko, PK Tumbuhan, Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI Dr. Dwi Nugroho Wibowo, F. Biologi UNSOED Dr. Parikesit, F. MIPA UNPAD Prof. Dr. Mohd.Tajuddin Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Monica Suleiman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Dr. Srihadi Agungpriyono, PAVet(K), F. Kedokteran Hewan IPB Y. Surjadi MSc, Pusat Penelitian ICABIOGRAD Drs. Suharjono, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Dr. Tri Widianto, Pusat Penelitian Limnologi-LIPI Dr. Witjaksono Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Alamat Redaksi Sekretariat d/a Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 18, Bogor 16002 , Telp. (021) 8765056 Fax. (021) 8765068 Email : [email protected]; [email protected] Website : http://biologi.or.id Jurnal ini telah diakreditasi ulang dengan nilai A berdasarkan SK Kepala LIPI 816/ D/2009 tanggal 28 Agustus 2009. J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) KATA PENGANTAR Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA edisi volume 7 nomer 2 tahun 2011 memuat 17 artikel lengkap, tujuh artikel diantaranya telah dipresentasi pada seminar ATCBC di Bali 2010. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Balai Penelitian Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumber daya Genetik Pertanian Bogor, Balai Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Bogor Kementerian Pertanian, BATAN. Fak. MIPA-Biologi Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Kehutanan UGM Yogyakarta, Fakultas Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian IPB Bogor, Sekolah Tinggi Hayati dan Departemen Tehnik Kimia ITB Bandung, Fakultas Pertanian Universi- tas Borneo, Tarakan, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Fakultas Sain dan Tehnologi Universitas Islam Hidayatullah Jakarta, Kebun Raya Cibodas LIPI, Puslit Biologi LIPI, Puslit Oseanografi LIPI, PEKA dan Asosiasi Pelestari Curik Bali, Taman Safari Cisarua Bogor. Topik yang dibahas pada edisi ini meliputi bidang Botani, mikrobiologi, zoologi, remote sensing. Editor J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada para pakar yang telah turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 7, No 2, Juni 2011: Drs. Roemantyo, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Dwi Astuti, Puslit Biologi-LIPI M.Fathi Royani, MA., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Iwan Saskiawan, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Drs. Ary Wahyono, Puslit Kemasyarakatan-LIPI Muhamad Irham MSc., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Enung Fuad, Puslit Bioteknologi-LIPI Drs. Boeadi, Puslit Biologi LIPI (Purna Bakti) Dr. Edi Mirmanto, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Sebagian dari edisi ini dibiayai oleh DIPA Puslit Biologi-LIPI 2011 J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) DAFTAR ISI Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia 195 Suyadi Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and 207 Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at 213 Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in 221 Indonesia Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis 231 Stream, West Jawa Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth 243 of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd. Indriani Ekasari Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro 251 Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua 263 alba dan C. moluccensis) Dwi Astuti Kajian Pendahuluan: Perpindahan Gen dari Tanaman Kentang Transgenik Katahdin RB 277 ke Tanaman Kentang Non Transgenik A. Dinar Ambarwati, M. Herman, Agus Purwito, Eri Sofiari,& Hajrial Aswidinoor Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia 289 NLP Indi Dharmayanti, Atik Ratnawati, & Dyah Ayu Hewajuli Karakterisasi Produk Biosolubilisasi Lignit oleh Kapang Indigenus dari Tanah 299 Pertambangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan Irawan Sugoro, Sandra Hermanto,D. Sasongko,D. Indriani & P. Aditiawati J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) Potensi Virus Avian Influenza H5NI Isolat A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 Sebagai Vaksin R. Indriani, NLP I Dharmayanti, R.M.A Adjid, & Darminto Variasi dan kekerabatan genetik pada dua jenis baru belimbing (Averrhoa leucopetala Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov dan A. dolichorpa Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov., Oxalidaceae) berdasarkan profil Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Kusumadewi Sri Yulita Pengaruh Dinamika Faktor Lingkungan Terhadap Sebaran Horisontal dan Vertikal Katak Hellen Kurniati Merekonstruksi Habitat Curik Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 di Bali Bagian Barat Mas Noerdjito, Roemantyo &Tony Sumampau Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Semusim Habitat Curik Bali (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) di Kawasan Labuan Lalang, Taman Nasional Bali Barat Roemantyo Sumbangan Ilmu Etnobotani dalam Memfasilitasi Hubungan Manusia dengan Tumbuhan dan Lingkungannya Eko Baroto Walujo Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7 (2): 195-206 (2011) Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia Suyadi Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), M.Sc in Information Technology for Natural Re- sources Management, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) ABSTRAK Deforestasi di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Sumatra, Indonesia. Studi ini menerangkan deforestasi dan penyebabnya di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS) yang merupakan habitat bagi berbagai satwa liar yang terancam punah. Penelitian ini menghubungkan metode penginderaan jauh dengan metode wawancara untuk memperkirakan laju deforestasi dan mengetahui penyebab deforestasi. Hasil wawancara menunjukan bahwa penggundulan hutan di TNBBS di mulai sejak tahun 1960an, lebih awal dari perkiraan sebelumnya. Hasil tersebut di perkuat oleh hasil analisa citra-satelit yang menunjukan bahwa sebelum 1972 tutupan hutan seluas 46.100 ha atau sekitar 13% dari luas hutan di TNBBS telah hilang. Rata- rata laju deforestasi sejak 1972 hingga 2006 adalah 0,64% per tahun. Hanya sekitar 67.225 ha hutan yang tersisa pada 2006 dari 310.670 ha hutan pada tahun 1972, atau sekitar 22% tutupan hutan telah hilang sejak 1972 hingga 2006. Laju deforestasi di TNBBS paling tinggi di hutan perbukitan (9.01 km2/tahun), kemudian hutan dataran rendah (7.55 km2/tahun), and hutan pegunungan (3.43 km2/tahun). Deforestasi tertinggi terjadi pada dekade pertama (1972-1985), setiap tahunnya seluas 28 km2 hutan di babat habis, kemudian pada dekade berikutnya (1986- 1996) deforestasi hanya 15 km2/tahun, namun pada dekade terakhir deforestasi meningkat kembali (21 km2/tahun). Pelaku yang secara fisik membabat hutan di TNBBS adalah petani yang tinggal di dalam dan di sekitar hutan. Meskipun demikian, yang menjadi penyebab terpenting deforestasi di TNBBS adalah penyebab tidak langsung seperti illegal logging, Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, tingginya harga kopi, lemahnya penegakan hukum, dan situasi sosial-ekonomi di tingkat lokal dan nasional. Faktor-faktor tersebut merupakan faktor external yang mendorong petani untuk membuka hutan di TNBBS atau memperluas lahan garapannya. Kata kunci: Deforestasi, Penyebab deforestasi, Survei wawancara, Penginderaan jauh, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan INTRODUCTION UNFCCC (2007) declared that the inter- national community faces the urgent task Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park of reducing tropical deforestation as one (BBSNP) is the third-largest protected of a suite of measures to reduce the im- area on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, pacts of global climate change and to and tropical deforestation constitutes one maintain biological diversity. One of many of the greatest threats to its conserva- responses of conservation biologists to tion. The United Nations Framework this threat has been to develop an array Convention on Climate Change/ of tools for measuring and monitoring 195 Suyadi deforestation, many of which use re- BBSNP was 1.69% per year. motely sensed data collected by satellites In addition, BBSNP is also a perfect (Saatchi et al. 2001). Satellite-based example of the complex causes of de- datasets can provide fine-scale measures forestation. BBSNP has a long border of of deforestation rates; however, many approximately 700 km, and the park is aspects of deforestation processes that there are villages, agriculture, and plan- are related to social phenomena (includ- tation forestry adjacent to the park ing causes of deforestation) cannot be (Kinnaird et. al. 2003). The high rates of measured using satellite sensors (Turner interaction between the people and the et al. 2001). Therefore, approaches that forest in the area that borders BBSNP link administrative and remote-sensing may induce humans to enter the park to data are important for understanding clear more forest. Consequently, wildlife trends in and causes of deforestation. such as tigers (Panthera tigris Most studies linking remote-sensing ob- sumatrae) and elephants (Elephas servations and administrative data have sumatranus) also travel outside the park been undertaken at the scale of the ad- borders and damage crops and livestock. ministrative units (Wood & Skole 1998). In addition, conflicts over land ownership However, Mertens et al. (2000) do inte- between Lampung-based local groups grate remote-sensing data and household and the government, as well as conflicts surveys to understand the impact of mac- among governmental institutions, have roeconomic change on deforestation pro- promoted further deforestation (Kusworo cesses in South Cameron. 2000; Verbist et al. 2004). BBSNP contains some of the larg- The dramatic loss of forest cover in est tracts of tropical forest remaining on BBSNP is attributed to variety of factors Sumatra and is a good example of the including illegal logging, timber conces- dramatic loss of tropical forest in Indo- sions (denoted HPHs in Indonesia), con- nesia. Although BBSNP was declared a version to agriculture (by opportunistic World Heritage site by UNESCO (deci- settlers and those arriving through sion 28COM 14B.5), in the past decade Indonesia's official transmigration pro- BBSNP's forest cover has declined dra- gram), development of estate crops, and matically. Since the early 1970s, much of forest fires (Sunderlin et al. 2001; the forest cover in BBSNP has been Suyanto et al. 2000; Holmes 2002). How- cleared, but there are conflicting esti- ever, information about the causes of mates of the scale and rates of loss. For deforestation in BBSNP is lacking. example, Kinnaird et al. (2003) found that Gaveau et al. (2007) reports that coffee between 1985 and 1999 the park lost prices, law enforcement, and rural pov- more than 661 km2 of forest (28%). On erty are the primary causes of defores- other hand, Gaveau et al. (2007) showed tation in southwest Sumatra (including that the average rate of deforestation from BBSNP). Suyadi & Gaveau (2007) show 1972 to 2002 in an area of 1.17 million ha that in a small area (Pemerihan) within in southwest Sumatra that includes BBSNP, the cause of deforestation is il- 196