Dennis Beck · Colin Allison Leonel Morgado · Johanna Pirker Foaad Khosmood · Jonathon Richter Christian Gütl (Eds.) Communications in Computer and Information Science 725 Immersive Learning Research Network Third International Conference, iLRN 2017 Coimbra, Portugal, June 26–29, 2017 Proceedings 123 Communications in Computer and Information Science 725 Commenced Publication in 2007 Founding and Former Series Editors: Alfredo Cuzzocrea, Dominik Ślęzak, and Xiaokang Yang Editorial Board Simone Diniz Junqueira Barbosa Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Phoebe Chen La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Xiaoyong Du Renmin University of China, Beijing, China Joaquim Filipe Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal Orhun Kara TÜBİTAK BİLGEM and Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Igor Kotenko St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Ting Liu Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, China Krishna M. Sivalingam Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India Takashi Washio Osaka University, Osaka, Japan More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7899 Dennis Beck Colin Allison (cid:129) Leonel Morgado Johanna Pirker (cid:129) Foaad Khosmood Jonathon Richter (cid:129) ü Christian G tl (Eds.) Immersive Learning Research Network Third International Conference, iLRN 2017 – Coimbra, Portugal, June 26 29, 2017 Proceedings 123 Editors DennisBeck Foaad Khosmood University of Arkansas Department ofComputer Science Fayetteville, AR California Polytechnic State University USA SanLuisObispo, CA USA Colin Allison University of St Andrews JonathonRichter St Andrews Salish KootenaiCollege UK Pablo, MT USA Leonel Morgado Universidade Aberta Christian Gütl Coimbra Graz University of Technology Portugal Graz Austria JohannaPirker Institute of Information Systems and Computer Media Graz University of Technology Graz Austria ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic) Communications in Computer andInformation Science ISBN 978-3-319-60632-3 ISBN978-3-319-60633-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60633-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017943036 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow knownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland iLRN 2017 Preface The iLRN conference is planned by the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), an international organization of developers, educators, and research profes- sionals collaborating to develop the scientific, technical, and applied potential of immersive learning. This year’s conference was the third annual meeting of reporting high-quality results in immersive learning research. Effective immersive learning experiencesarecreatedwithinmultiplemediausingmyriadtechniquesandemploying a wealth of knowledge that spans many disciplines wherein immersive learning and training may be relevant. The vision of iLRN is to seek out, innovate, and share the evidence and potential for immersive learning. One way of doing this is by hosting a worldwideconferenceforimmersivescholarsfromacrossthedisciplines,beginningin 2015inPrague,CzechRepublic.Theseconferencesaredesignedtosupportandcreate opportunities for ILRN members to meet in collaborative contexts and build their professional immersive learning research and development capacities, and share practical experiences in various scientific tracks and other presentation formats. But more than this, they were devised as an incubator during which iLRN members can collaboratively develop a comprehensive research and outreach agenda that encom- passesthebreadthandscope ofthelearningpotentialities, affordances,andchallenges of immersive learning environments. The third annual iLRN conference was held this year, hosted at the University of CoimbrainPortugal,oneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,datingfrom1290,just one century after the founding of the Portuguese nation. Situated in the heart of the historic city of Coimbra, the university is poised amidst a fusion of new and old, as newer technology corporations and non-profits vie for prominence with historic architecture and tourism attractions. It is a setting where we hope to better define “immersion” and what that means across our connected interdisciplinary focus. We hopetohighlightwhat“immersive”learningmeanstoanumberoffocuseddisciplinary areas.Wehopetoimmerseourselvesinanumberofdesignedexperiencestocompare andcontrastwhatcapabilitiestheybring–andwhatthingstheydisallowortakeaway. Thisyear’sspecialfocuswas“HonoringTradition,ImmersedintheFuture.”Setat thenexusbetweenoldandnew,withancientphysicalstructuresmixedamongmodern architectural marvels, this year’s conference concentrated on the fusion between old and new in immersive learning. Creating immersive experiences is becoming easier every day, but doing it well so that people learn effectively is much harder. People engaged in the production of high-quality immersive learning experiences, thus, must be a specialist in one or more disciplines with the ability to appreciate and work effectively from the lens of other specialties. Some of these specialists will be from “old” professions, such as writers, teachers, thespians, attorneys, and sports profes- sionals, while others will be from newer occupations such as computer coders, 3D graphic designers, and educational technologists. Creating effective learning VI iLRN2017Preface experiences using immersive technologies requires the coordination of both “old” and “new” types of special expertise and effort. Old and new must work together. Assuch,thisconferenceisfocusedonprovidingopportunitiesforindividuals from a wide variety of areas to share their information across the fields involved with the research, development, implementation, practical experiences, and business of immersive learning. The conference format was designed to gather submissions to the main track focusing on the conference theme, while the six specialtracks, workshops, and two publication outlets were planned to draw more interest from diverse com- munitiesofscholarsandpractitionersbasedondiscipline,methodology,ortechnology type. Five stimulating keynotes from academia and research-sponsored industry complement the technical program. We showcase and discuss all of this scholarly and embodied experience through our podcast, The Versatilist, with our host and 2017 ILRN Finance Director, Dr. Patrick O’Shea. The podcast is one great way for us to explore the scope and depth of this exciting emerging interdisciplinary field. Like the inaugural conference, iLRN 2017 was an important forum for immersive learningresearch.Thecallforpapersresultedinatotalof76submissionsfromaround theworld.Everysubmissionunderwentrigorousreviewbyatleasttwomembersofthe Program Committee to keep high scientific and quality standards. The editorial board decided, based on the reviewers’ comments, to accept 17 full papers and four short papers for the proceedings, which is an acceptance rate of 27%. The full papers are arranged into two parts in the proceedings, the main track and the special tracks. The accepted papers’ authors are from: Austria, Brazil, China, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Norway, UK, Portugal, and USA (Arkansas, Indiana, Mas- sachusetts, Minnesota, Ohio). We would like to thank all who contributed to the success of this conference, in particular the members of the iLRN committee (and the additional reviewers) for carefully reviewing the contributions and selecting a high-quality program. Our aca- demic chair, Christian Guetl, did a perfect job of organizing and coordinating the conference details. Michael Gardner performed admirably as general chair, as did Anasol Peña-Rios in her role as website and communications director. We also thank alloftheinternationalchairsandboardofreviewersfortheirsupport.ColinAllisondid anincrediblejobasprogramchair,handlingthedevelopmentofawonderfulprogram, and Johanna Pirker and Fooad Khosmood did the same in their roles as the special tracks co-chairs. Dennis Beck prepared and organized the Springer proceedings and ensured that every submission was of high quality, spending hours interacting with authorsandothereditors.ThanksalsotoLeonelMorgado,AnaAméliaCarvalho,and João Caetano for serving as local co-chairs and coordinating all of the very important details in Coimbra along with their doctoral students. Of course, we would like to especiallythankJonathonRichter,iLRNexecutivedirector,fortakingcareofthelocal arrangements and many other aspects in the organization of the conference. Thefollowingpeopleperformedadmirablyintheirrolesasspecialtrackorganizers: (cid:129) Alexander Nussbaumer, Rob Nadolski, and Samuel Mascarenhas – “Personaliza- tion in Immersive and Game-Based Learning Environments” (cid:129) AlexandraGagodaCâmara,HelenaMurteira,andMariaLeonorBotelho–“Digital Heritage and the Immersive City” iLRN 2017Preface VII (cid:129) Johanna Pirker and Foaad Khosmood – “Immersive and Engaging Educational Experiences” (cid:129) Ilona Buchem, Ralf Klamma, István Koren, Fridolin Wild, and Alla Vovk – “Wearable Technology-Enhanced Learning” (cid:129) Markos Mentzelopoulos, Daphne Economou, and Phil Trwoga – “Serious Games Using Immersive and Assistive Technologies” (cid:129) AnaIsabelVelosoandRuthContrerasEspinosa–“ImmersiveExperiencesinLater Age” We hope that you enjoy reading the content of these proceedings. Browse the papers,reflectontheinterdisciplinaryconnectionsandapplications,contacttheauthors tocontinuediscussions,andcontinuetoadvanceiLRN’simmersivelearningagendaby becoming part of both “old” and “new” – able to apply a depth of skill to a progres- sivelywideningscopeofimmersivelearningsituationsandexperiences,equallyatease with technical issues as with disciplinary strategies and content. Dennis Beck Publications Chair Christian Gütl Academic Chair Michael Gardner General Chair iLRN 2017 Main Conference Preface ILRN 2017 was the third annual international conference of the Immersive Learning Network.ItfollowedonfromtheinauguralconferenceheldinPragueinJuly2015and the second conference held in Santa Barbara in June 2016. The past 12 months saw a further increase in the availability and capabilities of devicesthat supportaugmentedandvirtualreality systems.ThemissionofiLRNisto stimulatetheuseof,andshareknowledgeabout,theseexcitingtechnologiesastheyare applied effectively in education and learning scenarios. This requires fundamental and appliedresearchfrombothsingleandinter-disciplinaryapproaches.iLRNincludesbut does not limit its focus to virtual and augmented worlds, learning and motivational games,educationalsimulations,mixed/augmentedreality,relatedlearningandteaching tools,techniques,technologies,andstandards.iLRNaimstodevelopacomprehensive research and outreach agenda that encompasses the breadth and scope of all the learning potentialities, affordances, and challenges of immersive learning environ- ments. To achieve this, iLRN 2017 invited scientists, practitioners, organizations, and innovators across the disciplines to explore, describe, and apply the optimal use of immersiveworldsandenvironmentsfor educationalpurposes.Theconferenceaimsto explainanddemonstratehowtheseimmersivelearningenvironmentsbestworkusinga variety of rigorous, systematic, and meaningful research methods and outreach strategies.Inall, 46papers werereceivedfor themain conference andafter arigorous reviewing process ten were selected as full papers and three as short papers for this Springerpublication(28%acceptancerate).Theauthorsofthesepaperscomefromall over the world, including Austria, Australia, Brazil, Cyprus, UK, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, and the USA. These main conference papers cover a wide range of topics in some depth. Hutzler et al.use a location-aware scavengerhunt game as thebasis for enjoyable exploratory learning; Saloko et al. seek to demonstrate the value of immersive technologies for collaborative innovation spaces; autism and life skills are targeted by Schmidt et al., who bring virtual world technologies to bear on these challenges; Coelho and Costa taketheoldideaofastickeralbumcollectionandreimagineitusingaugmentedreality in a museum space; Sheafer and Gardner report on lessons learned from a set of trials onMIRTLE:aMixedRealityTeachingandLearningEnvironment,conductedatSaint Paul College, Minnesota; Greenwald et al. explore the unusual situation where users are located in the same physical small space (a room) but can only communicate via their immersive virtual reality headsets and gesture detectors; Silva et al. evaluate a CSCW protocol using the popular OpenSim VR platform for providing aircraft maintenance training; from a cultural heritage perspective, Fabola et al. find that museums can provide compelling and informative experiences that enable visitors to travelbackintimewithminimalinteractionandrelativelylowcostsystems;Schneider etal.analyzetheeffectivenessofthenonverbalcommunicationoflearnersandprovide themwithfeedback,incaseswherehumanfeedbackisnotavailableusingaprototype: X iLRN2017Main Conference Preface Presentation Trainer; Herpich et al. advance the case for virtual laboratories in virtual worldsbydescribingapilotusingAVATARforsupportingexperientiallearningabout principles of electricity; Nisiotis et al. take the concept of a Transactive Memory Systemandassessitsutilityinanimmersivecybercampusforsupportingcollaborative and socially constructed learning. This is a fascinating collection of papers reflecting the unbounded possibilities of immersive learning research. We hope that you will find these stimulating and encourage you to also contribute to the activities of the Immersive Learning Research Network. Colin Allison Main Conference Programme Chair