1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in Canada by Oxford University Press 8 Sampson Mews, Suite 204, Don Mills, Ontario M3C 0H5 Canada www.oupcanada.com Copyright © Oxford University Press Canada 2020 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First Edition published in 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Permissions Department at the address above or through the following url: www.oupcanada.com/permission/permission_request.php Every effort has been made to determine and contact copyright holders. In the case of any omissions, the publisher will be pleased to make suitable acknowledgement in future editions. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Imagining sociology : an introduction with readings / Catherine Corrigall-Brown. Names: Corrigall-Brown, Catherine, author. Description: Second edition. | Includes index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190096659 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190096667 | ISBN 9780199031085 (softcover) | ISBN 9780199031139 (EPUB) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology—Textbooks. | LCSH: Canada—Social conditions—Textbooks. | LCGFT: Textbooks. Classification: LCC HM586 C68 2019 | DDC 301—dc23 Cover image: © iStock/olaser Cover and interior design: Laurie McGregor Oxford University Press is committed to our environment. Wherever possible, our books are printed on paper which comes from responsible sources. Printed and bound in Canada 1 2 3 4 — 23 22 21 20 Contents Publisher’s Preface x Preface xviii Acknowledgements xix Part I Understanding Society 1 1 The Sociological Imagination 2 Introduction 3 The Sociological Imagination 4 Reading: From The Sociological Imagination, by C. Wright Mills 5 Activity: The History and Biography of Higher Education in Canada 10 Three Core Foci of Sociology 11 Social Inequality 11 Social Institutions 14 Social Change 16 Three Core Aims of Sociology 18 Émile Durkheim and the Study of Suicide 18 Activity: Suicide in Canada 21 Research Methods: How Do Sociologists Study Society? 24 Reading: “Toward a Sociology of the Reconciliation of Conflicting Desires,” by Susan O’Donell and David Perley 27 Summary 31 Key Terms 32 For Further Reading 32 References 32 2 Socialization: Becoming a Member of Society 34 Introduction 35 The Individual and Society 35 Reading: “Review of Albert Schaeffle, Bau und Leben des Sozialen Körpers: Erster Band,” by Émile Durkheim 36 Socialization 39 Activity: How Do Toys Socialize Us? 46 Aging and Socialization 48 The Performance of Social Roles 52 Reading: “The Presentation of Self,” by Erving Goffman 54 Activity: Performing the Self Online 59 Summary 59 Key Terms 60 For Further Reading 60 References 60 iv Contents 3 Deviance, Law, and Crime 61 Introduction 62 What Is Deviance? 62 Social Construction 64 The Social Construction of Deviance 64 Activity: The Changing Social Construction of Deviance 66 Why Are People Deviant? 67 Individual Explanations of Deviance and Crime 67 Social Explanations of Deviance and Crime 67 Reading: “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” by D.L. Rosenhan 72 The Power of the Situation 76 Crime Rates 78 Crime Rates by Group 82 Activity: Calculating Crime Rates 83 Reading: “Canada’s Prisons Are the New Residential Schools,” by Nancy Macdonald 84 Punishment 90 Reading: “The Body of the Condemned,” by Michel Foucault 92 Summary 96 Key Terms 96 For Further Reading 97 References 97 Part II Social Inequality 99 4 Social Inequality and Social Class 100 Introduction 101 Karl Marx and Social Class 101 Class Struggles 103 Reading: “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 103 Class Consciousness 111 Max Weber and Social Status 113 Activity: Social Status Markers 115 Income Inequality in Canada 116 Reading: “Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America,” by Barbara Ehrenreich 118 Poverty 124 Activity: Creating Low-Income Cut-Offs (LICOs) 124 Summary 128 Key Terms 128 For Further Reading 129 References 129 Contents v 5 Race, Ethnicity, and Indigenous Peoples 130 Introduction 131 Race and Ethnicity 131 Race and Ethnicity as Social Constructions 134 Activity: Defining and Calculating Racial Groups 134 Reading: “Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?” by Mary C. Waters 137 The Consequences of Social Constructions 142 Indigenous People in Canada 144 Reading: From ”Re-envisioning Resurgence: Indigenous Pathways to Decol- onization and Sustainable Self-Determination,” by Jeff Corntassel 148 Prejudice and Discrimination 153 Immigration 156 Multiculturalism 159 Activity: Canadian Citizenship Test 161 Summary 163 Key Terms 163 For Further Reading 164 References 164 6 Gender at the Intersections 165 Introduction 166 Sex and Gender 166 Gender as a Social Construction 167 Activity: Performing Gender in Music 169 Gender and Institutions 170 Gender and Sports 171 Gender and Work 172 Gender and Politics 176 Activity: Gender Associations 176 Reading: “The Rise and Stall of Canada’s Gender-Equity Revolution,” by Neil Guppy and Nicole Luongo 177 Feminism and Feminist Theory 182 Intersectionality 183 Sexuality 185 Reading: “The Invention of Heterosexuality,” by Johnathan Ned Katz 189 Summary 192 Key Terms 193 For Further Reading 193 References 193 vi Contents Part III The Role of Institutions 195 7 The Media 196 Introduction 197 Language 197 Reading: “Racism in the English Language,” by Robert B. Moore 198 Media 202 Corporate Concentration and the Media 203 Reading: From The Power Elite, by C. Wright Mills 204 Effects of Media Concentration 207 Reading: “Cultural Schemas for Racial Identity in Canadian Television Advertising,” by Shyon Baumann and Loretta Ho 208 New Media and Social Media 217 Activity: The Reality of Reality TV 221 Violence in the Media 222 Media Literacy 222 Activity: Using Media Literacy with Alcohol and Tobacco Ads 223 Alternative Media 224 Summary 225 Key Terms 225 For Further Reading 225 References 225 8 The Family and Intimate Relationships 227 Introduction 228 What Is the Family? 228 Activity: Comedy and the TV Family 229 Larger Social Changes That Affect the Family 232 Reading: “Getting Married: The Public Nature of Our Private Relation- ships,” by Carrie Yodanis and Sean Lauer 234 Activity: Increasing or Decreasing Fertility in Quebec and China 241 Theorizing the Family 241 Reading: “Modern Romance,” by Aziz Ansari and Erik Klinenberg 245 Summary 249 Key Terms 249 For Further Reading 250 References 250 9 Education 251 Introduction 252 The Schooled Society 252 The Functions of Education 253 Socialization 253 Selection 255 Contents vii Legitimation 256 Activity: How Can We Measure the “College or University Experience”? 257 Reading: “A Matter of Degrees,” by William Beaver 257 Education and Social Inequality 260 Education and Social Class 261 Education and Gender 264 Reading: “The Not-So-Pink Ivory Tower,” by Ann Mullen 265 Activity: Critically Analyzing School Curriculum 269 Education, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital 269 The Consequences of Degrees 270 Education around the World 272 Summary 276 Key Terms 276 For Further Reading 276 References 277 10 Work and Rationalization 278 Introduction 279 The Rationalized World 279 Reading: “The ‘McDonaldization’ of Society,” by George Ritzer 281 Activity: The Commodification of Love 287 The Division of Labour in Society 288 Scientific Management 289 The Alienation of Labour 292 Changes in Work in Canada 292 Precarious Employment 294 Emotional Labour 296 Reading: “Feeling Management: From Private to Commercial Uses,” by Arlie Russell Hochschild 296 Activity: Training Employees for Emotional Labour 300 Summary 301 Key Terms 301 For Further Reading 302 References 302 11 Health 303 What Is Health? 304 The Sociology of Health 305 Social Determinants of Health 307 Activity: The Freshman 15 and Binge Drinking: Health as a Personal Trouble or Public Issue 309 Health Inequality 309 Class 310 Global Health Inequality 311 Education 313 Race and Ethnicity 314 Gender 314 viii Contents Obesity: Intersectionality in Health Inequalities 315 Reading: “The Health Gap,” by Michael Marmot 318 Health Care Systems around the World 321 Health Policy 322 Reading: “The Downsides and Dangers of ‘Cheque Day,’” by Lindsey Richardson 324 Disability 325 Activity: Accessibility in Everyday Life 326 Summary 328 Key Terms 328 For Further Reading 328 References 328 12 Globalization and Global Inequality 330 Introduction 331 What Is Globalization? 331 Understanding Globalization 333 Modernization Theory 333 Activity: The Ecological Footprint 336 World Systems Theory 337 Activity: Commodity Chains and Global Inequality 338 Reading: “The Uses of Global Poverty: How Economic Inequality Benefits the West,” by Daina Stukuls Eglitis 339 World Society Theory 345 Global Inequality 346 Activity: Micro-financing and Global Inequality 349 Reading: “The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee,” by Nicki Lisa Cole and Keith Brown 351 Summary 353 Key Terms 354 For Further Reading 354 References 354 Part IV Social Change 355 13 Change through Policy and the Law 356 Introduction 357 How Does Society Reproduce Itself? 357 The Routes to Social Change 358 The Rise of the State 358 The Welfare State 360 The Welfare State in Canada 361 The Welfare State and Social Inequality 362 Social Policy: Universal and Means-Tested Programs 362 Reparation Programs 365 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 366 Contents ix Reading: TRC Principles of Reconciliation and “The Canadian Reconciliation Landscape: Current Perspectives of Indigenous Peoples and Non-Indigenous Canadians” 367 Activity: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 375 How the State Involves the Public 375 Challenges Facing the Modern State 378 Reading: “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” by Robert D. Putnam 381 Activity: Civil Society on Campus and among the Young 388 Summary 388 Key Terms 388 For Further Reading 389 References 389 14 Social Movements 390 Introduction 391 Social Movements 391 Reading: “Facebook Feminism: Social Media, Blogs, and New Technologies of Contemporary U.S. Feminism,” by Alison Dahl Crossley 394 The Collective Action Problem 402 Trends in Social Movement Participation 404 Explaining Social Movement Participation 406 Ideology 406 Resources 406 Biographical Availability 407 Social Ties and Identity 407 Political Context/Critical Events 407 Consequences of Participation 408 The Media and Social Movements 408 Selection and Description Bias 409 Activity: Media Images of Protest—The Oka Crisis and Black Lives Matter 410 Reading: “On Idle No More,” by Angela Semple 413 Success in Social Movements 415 Public Sociology and Using Our Sociological Imagination 416 Activity: Using Our Sociological Imagination for Social Change 416 Summary 416 Key Terms 417 For Further Reading 417 References 417 Glossary 419 Index 430